Abstracts
Abstract
Inuit employment in the mining industry has received very little attention from historians, although mining has been in the Arctic since the 1950s. Using the Polaris mine (1982-2002) on Little Cornwallis Island, Nunavut, as a case study, this article focuses on the Canadian government’s shift away from supporting mining developments in the late 1970s to early 1980s, on Inuit employment in the mining industry, and on the difficulties of Inuit from Resolute Bay in obtaining employment at Polaris. Previous to Polaris, the federal government saw Arctic mines, particularly Rankin Inlet (1951-1962) and Nanisivik (1976-2002), as a path to modernisation for the Inuit. However, as these earlier Arctic mines failed in this particular goal, the State became disillusioned and weary of providing financial support by the time Cominco began planning the Polaris mine in 1973. The federal government did not require Cominco to sign a formal agreement for Inuit employment, leaving the company responsible to develop its own hiring agenda. Unfortunately for the people of Resolute Bay, the company agenda did not include hiring locals as a priority, and bypassed and marginalised Resolute Bay Inuit who were keen on working at the mine. As mining has been the largest industry in the Canadian northern economy and is currently growing and beginning new development projects, it is important to understand the historical dynamics between mining companies, the State, and local communities.
Résumé
L’emploi des Inuit dans l’industrie minière a reçu très peu d’attention de la part des historiens bien que l’exploitation minière ait été présente dans l’Arctique depuis les années 1950. En utilisant la mine Polaris de la petite île Cornwallis (Nunavut) comme étude de cas, cet article se concentre sur la décision du gouvernement canadien de ne plus soutenir le développement minier dans les années 1970 et 1980, sur l’emploi des Inuit dans l’industrie minière et sur les difficultés des Inuit de Resolute Bay à obtenir un emploi chez Polaris. Avant Polaris, le gouvernement fédéral voyait dans les mines de l’Arctique, en particulier Rankin Inlet (1951-1962) et Nanisivik (1976-2002), un moyen de moderniser les Inuit. Cependant, puisque ces premières mines arctiques avaient échoué à répondre à cet objectif, l’État, désillusionné, hésitait à fournir un financement à la compagnie Cominco pour qu’elle exploite la mine Polaris en 1973. L’État n’a pas exigé que Cominco signe un accord formel pour l’emploi des Inuit, lui laissant la responsabilité de son propre programme de recrutement. Malheureusement pour les gens de Resolute Bay, Cominco n’envisageait pas l’embauche locale comme une priorité, et la compagnie a ignoré et marginalisé les Inuit de Resolute Bay qui voulaient travailler à la mine. Comme l’exploitation minière a été la plus grande industrie dans l’économie du nord canadien et qu’elle l’est actuellement de plus en plus avec de nouveaux projets de développement, il est important de comprendre la dynamique historique entre les compagnies minières, l’État et les communautés locales.
Appendices
Archival sources
- Note:
- LAC = Library and Archives Canada
- PWNHCA = Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre Archives
- RBCMA = Royal British Columbia Museum Archives
- WLUA = Wilfrid Laurier University Archives
- CARC (CANADIAN ARCTIC RESOURCES COMMITTEE), 1979-80 Correspondence papers, October 1979 – April 1980, WLUA, CARC Fonds, file 3.13.2.2.6.
- COMINCO, n.d. Polaris Mine Project, Operation Katak -Training Manual, RBCMA, MS-2500, box 409, file 18.
- COMINCO, 1971 Pine Point Employment Agreement, PWNHCA, Northwest Territories. Dept. of Economic Development and Tourism Fonds, G-1999-003, box 6, file 67 100-002.
- COMINCO, 1973 An Outline of the “Arvik” Development for Discussions with the Government of Canada, report, LAC, RG85, vol. 1951, file A-100-123, part 1.
- COMINCO, 1976 Employment Issues, PWNHCA, Northwest Territories. Dept. of Economic Development and Tourism Fonds, G-2002-004, box 38.
- DIAND (DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS AND NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT), n.d. Polaris Mine Project, LAC, R1526-30-4-E, vol. 269, file 243-18.
- DIAND (DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS AND NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT), 1958 Resolute Bay – General, LAC, RG85 vol. 1951, file A-100-123, part 1.
- DIAND (DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS AND NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT), 1982 Native Employment and Commuting Study, PWNHCA, Northwest Territories, Dept. of Economic Development and Tourism Fonds, G-2002-004, box 23.
References
- BARRETT, J.E., 1973 Employment of the Inuit at Polaris, Little Cornwallis Island: A Feasibility Study Requested by Arvik Mines Ltd., Trail, Barrett Development Services.
- BARRETT, J.E., 1976 The Polaris Project and the Inuit: An Assignment Concerned with Involving the Inuit in the Polaris Mine Development Requested by Arvik Mines Ltd., West Vancouver, Barrett and Associates Management Consulting.
- BOULTER, Patricia, 2011 The Survival of an Arctic Boom Town: Socio-economic and Cultural diversity in Rankin Inlet, 1956-63, M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- BOWES-LYON, Léa-Marie, Jeremy P. RICHARDS and Tara M. McGEE, 2009 Socio-Economic Impacts of the Nanisivik and Polaris Mines, Nunavut, Canada, in Jeremy Richards (ed.), Mining, Society, and a Sustainable World, London and New York, Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht: 371-396.
- CLANCY, Peter, 1987 Working on the Railway: A Case Study in Capital-State Relations, Canadian Public Administration/ Adminstration Publique du Canada, 30(3): 450-471.
- COATES, Ken, 1991 Best Left as Indians: Native-White Relations in the Yukon Territory, 1840-1973, Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Di MENNA, Jodi, 2004 Mining in Nunavut, Canadian Geographic, 124(2): 52.
- EETOOLOOK, James, 2000 Mining and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, paper presented at the NunavutMining Symposium, November 13 (online at: http://www.tunngavik.com/files/2011/03/mining_and_nlca.pdf).
- FARQUHARSON, Duart, 1981 Inuit Labourers Have Difficulty with White Man’s Ways, The Calgary Herald, October 9.
- GEORGE, Jane, 2001 Nanisivik: The old mine that won’t say die, Nunatsiaq News, February 9.
- GOMBAY, Nicole, 2010 Making a Living: Place, Food, and Economy in an Inuit Community, Saskatoon, Purich Publishing.
- GRAHAM, Katherine A., 1982 The Development of the Polaris Mine, Kingston, Queen’s University, Centre for Resource Studies, Eastern Arctic Study Series.
- GREEN, Heather, 2012 Life After Closure: Deindustrialised Landscape and Memories of the Polaris Mine, 1973-2012, M.A. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- HARRIGAN, Anthony, 1981 The Last Frontier, Herald-Journal, November 3: A4.
- LIM, Tee Wern, 2013 Inuit Encounters with Colonial Capital: Nanisivik - Canada’s First High Arctic Mine, M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
- MALCOLM, Andrew H., 1982 Pioneers of Polaris Mine Arctic’s Lode, The New York Times, March 22: A1 and D4.
- McPHERSON, Robert, 2003 New Owners in Their Own Land: Minerals and Inuit Land Claims, Calgary, University of Calgary Press.
- MIDGLEY, Scott, 2012 Co-producing Ores, Science and States: High Arctic Mining at Svalbard (Norway) and Nanisivik (Canada), M.A. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- OUTCROP LTD., 1980 Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of the Polaris Mine Project: An Examination of the Potential Impacts on the Community of Resolute Bay, the Arctic Coastal Communities, and the NWT in General, Yellowknife, Outcrop Ltd.
- SANDLOS, John and Arn KEELING, 2012 Claiming the New North: Development and Colonialism at the Pine Point Mine, Northwest Territories, Canada, Environment and History, 18(1): 5-34.
- TAYLOR, Mary Josephine, 1985 The Development of Mineral Policy for the Eastern Arctic, 1953-1985, M.A. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa.
- TESTER, Frank and Peter KULCHYSKI, 1994 Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- WATT, Eric, 1990 Native Miners, The Northern Miner, February 1.