Résumés
Abstract
Indigenous communities have painful histories of colonization, resulting in historical trauma and adverse current community conditions (CCCs). This is a mixed method study of Administration for Native Americans grants that includes analysis of project summaries and CCCs as well as a analysis of impact and effectiveness scores finished projects are given by ANA evaluators. The results show that all grants included in the analysis are addressing colonization and almost half of the grants are utilizing culture as a protective factor. The projects using culture as a protective factor have significantly higher effectiveness ratings, which means they are achieving their objectives more than those not using culture. Grantee project examples are in the discussion. The paper concludes with policy implications for funders.
Keywords:
- Indigenous,
- culture as a protective factor,
- colonization,
- historical trauma,
- Native American
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Administration for Native Americans. (2021). Social and economic data review: 2014-2018. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ana/news/social-and-economic-data-review
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq. (1971).
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Amendments of 1987, Pub. L. 100-241 (1988).
- American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Pub. L. 95–341, §2, Aug. 11, 1978, 92 Stat. 470 (1978).
- American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments of 1994, Pub. L. 103–344, §1, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3125 (1994).
- American Psychiatric Association. (2017). Mental health disparities: American Indians and Alaska Native. https://www.psychiatry.org
- ANCSA Regional Association. (n.d.). About the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. https://ancsaregional.com/about-ancsa
- Anderson, R. N., & Smith, B. L. (2003). Deaths: Leading causes for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports, 52(9). National Center for Health Statistics.
- Ball, J., & Moselle, K. (2013). Contributions of culture and language in aboriginal head start in urban and northern communities to children’s health outcomes: A review of theory and research. Prepared for Division of Children, Seniors & Healthy Development, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch.
- Barnes, P. M., Adams, P. F., & Powell-Griner, E. (2010). Health characteristics of the American Indian or Alaska Native adult population: United States, 2004–2008. National Health Statistics Reports, 20, 1–22.
- Bassett, D., Tsosie, U., & Nannauck, S. (2012). “Our culture is medicine”: Perspectives of Native Healers on posttrauma recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native patients. The Permanente Journal, 16(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/11-123
- Berardi, G. (1999). Schools, settlement, and sanitation in Alaska native villages. Ethnohistory, 46, 329–359.
- Brave Heart, M. Y. H., Chase, J., Elkins, J., & Altschul, D. B. (2011). Historical trauma among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Concepts, research, and clinical considerations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(4), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.628913
- Bullard, R. D., & Johnson, G. S. (2000). Environmental justice: Grassroots activism and its impact on public policy decision making. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00184
- Burnette, C. E., Lesesne, R., Temple, C., & Rodning, C. B. (2020). Family as the conduit to promote Indigenous women and men's enculturation and wellness: “I wish I had learned earlier.” Journal of evidence-based social work 17(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2019.1617213
- Burt, L. W. (1986). Roots of the Native American urban experience: Relocation policy in the 1950s. American Indian Quarterly, 10(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1183982
- Capacity Building Center for Tribes. (n.d.). Culture is prevention: We are all connected. https://tribalinformationexchange.org/files/products/CultureisPrevention.pdf
- Civilization Fund Act of March 3, 1819, ch. 85, § 1, 3 Stat. 516, 516 (codified as amended at 25 U.S.C.
- Cornell, S., & Kalt, J. P. (2003). Alaska Native self-government and service delivery: What works? Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs (JOPNA). Tucson and Cambridge: Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy and Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development.
- Dawes Act of 1887, 46 Cong. Ch. 119, 24 Stat. 388, 25 U.S.C. § 331, repealed by the Indian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-462, 114 Stat. 1992.
- Deloria, V., & Lytle, C. M. (1983). American Indians, American justice. University of Texas Press. https://doi.org/10.7560/738331
- Dockery, A.M. (2011). Traditional culture and the well-being of Indigenous Australians: An analysis of the 2008 NATSISS, CLMR discussion paper series 2011/01, Centre for Labour Market Research, Curtin University.
- Drywater-Whitekiller, V. (2006). What the dominant society can't give me: Perceptions of Native American Elders teaching Native Traditions. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 12(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.18084/1084-7219.12.1.71
- Farrell, J., Burow, P. B., McConnell, K., Bayham, J., Whyte, K., & Koss, G. (2021). Effects of land dispossession and forced migration on Indigenous peoples in North America. Science, 374(6567). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe4943
- Feldstein, S. W., Venner, K. L., & May, P. A. (2006). American Indian/Alaska Native alcohol-related incarceration and treatment. Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 13(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.1303.2006.1
- Fisher, L. D. (2017). “Why shall wee have peace to bee made slaves”: Indian surrenderers during and after King Philip’s war. Ethnohistory, 64(1), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-3688391
- Garroutte, E. M., Goldberg, J., Beals, J., Herrell, R., Manson, S. M., & the AI-SUPERPFP Team. (2003). Spirituality and attempted suicide among American Indians. Social Science & Medicine, 56(7), 1571–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00157-0
- Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Nursing Research 17(4), 364. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014
- Gone, J. P. (2013). Redressing First Nations historical trauma: Theorizing mechanisms for Indigenous culture as mental health treatment. Transcultural Psychiatry, 50(5), 683– 706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513487669
- Graf, G. H. J., Chihuri, S., Blow, M., & Li, G. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and justice system contact: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 147(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-021030
- Hallett, D., Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (2007). Aboriginal language knowledge and youth suicide. Cognitive Development, 22(3), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.001
- Hazel, K. L., & Mohatt, G. V. (2001). Cultural and spiritual coping in sobriety: Informing substance abuse prevention for Alaska Native communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(5), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1035
- Healey, G. K., & Meadows, L. M. (2008). Culture and Tradition: An important determinant of Inuit women's health. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 4(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijih41200812312
- Henson, M., Sabo, S., Trujillo, A., & Teufel Shone, N. (2017). Identifying protective factors to promote health in American Indian and Alaska Native adolescents: A literature review. Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(1-2), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-016-0455-2
- Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, J. Y., Sy, A., Greaney, M. F., Morris, K. A., Scronce, A. C., Rehuher D., & Nishimura, S. T. (2009). HUI Mālama O Ke Kai: A positive prevention-based youth development program based on Native Hawaiian values and activities. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20344
- Hodge, F. S. (2012). No meaningful apology for American Indian unethical research abuses. Ethics & Behavior, 22(6), 431–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2012.730788
- Indian Citizenship Act, Pub. L. No. 68-175, 43 Stat. 253 (1924) (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C. § 1401 (2016)).
- Indian Community Economic Enhancement Act Of 2020, Pub. L. No. 116-261, 116 Strat. 261 (2020).
- Indian Relocation Program, Act of August 3, 1956, 84 Cong. Ch. 930, Pub. L. No. 959, 70 Stat. 986 (1956).
- Indian Removal Act of 1830, 25 U.S.C. §174 (1830).
- Irwin, L. (1997). Freedom, law, and prophecy: A brief history of Native American religious resistance. American Indian Quarterly, 21(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1185587
- Jenni, B., Anisman, A., McIvor, O., & Jacobs, P. (2017). An exploration of the effects of mentor-apprentice programs on mentors' and apprentices' wellbeing. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 12(2), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijih122201717783
- Jernigan, V. B. B., Salvatore, A. L., Styne, D. M., & Winkleby, M. (2012). Addressing food insecurity in a Native American reservation using community-based participatory research. Health Education Research, 27(4), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyr089
- Jones, D. K. (1982). Century of servitude: Pribilof Aleuts under United States rule. University Press of America.
- Kawagley, A. O. (1995). A Yupiaq worldview: A pathway to ecology and spirit. Waveland Press.
- Kealiikanakaoleohaililani, K., & C. P. Giardina. (2016). Embracing the sacred: An Indigenous framework for tomorrow’s sustainability science. Sustainability Science, 11(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0343-3
- Kenney, M. K., & Singh, G. K. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences among American Indian/Alaska Native children: The 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Scientifica (Cairo). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7424239
- King, J., Masotti, P., Dennem, J., Hadani, S., Linton, J., Lockhart, B., & Bartgis, J. (2019). The culture is prevention project: Adapting the cultural connectedness scale for multi-tribal communities. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 26(3), 104–135. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2603.2019.104
- Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience from Indigenous perspectives. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600203
- Kral, M. J., Idlout, L., Minore, J. B., Dyck, R. J., & Kirmayer, L.J. (2011). Unikkaartuit: Meanings of well-being, unhappiness, health, and community change among Inuit in Nunavut, Canada. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3- 4), 426–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9431-4
- Kreiger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services, 29(2), 295–352. https://doi.org/10.2190/M11W-VWXE-KQM9-G97Q
- Lajimodiere, D. K. (2014). American Indian boarding schools in the United States: A brief history and their current legacy. In W. Littlechild & E. Stamatopoulou (Eds.), Indigenous Peoples’ access to justice, including truth and reconciliation processes (pp. 255–261). Institute for the Study of Human Rights Columbia University.
- Maaka, R., & Fleras. R. (2005). The politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. University of Otago Press.
- Marrone, S. (2007). Understanding barriers to health care: A review of disparities in health care services among Indigenous populations. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 66(3), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254
- McIvor, O., Napoleon, A., & Dickie, K. M. (2009). Language and culture as protective factors for at-risk communities. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(1), 6–25. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijih51200912327
- Merritt, O. (2021). The wall that trumps environmental law: A review of the environmental and legal implications of the U.S.-Mexico border wall. Villanova Law Environmental Law Journal, 32(1), 91–113.
- Miller, R. J. (2019). The Doctrine of Discovery: The international law of colonialism. The Indigenous Peoples’ Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance, 5(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.5070/P651043048
- Mmari, K. N., Blum, R. W., & Teufel-Shone, N. (2010). What increases risk and protection for delinquent behaviors among American Indian youth?: Findings from three tribal communities. Youth & Society, 41(3), 382–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09333645
- Mohatt, G. V., Rasmus, S. M., Thomas, L., Allen, J. Hazel, K., & Hensel, C. (2004). "Tied together like a woven hat:" Protective pathways to Alaska native sobriety. Harm Reduction Journal, 1https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-1-10
- Mohatt, N. V., Fok, C. C. T., Burket, R., Henry, D., & Allen, J. (2011). Assessment of awareness of connectedness as a culturally-based protective factor for Alaska native youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(4), 444–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025456
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Pub. L. 101-601, 25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq., 104 Stat. 3048, Nov. 16, 1990 (1990).
- Newland, B. (2022). Federal Indian boarding school initiative investigative report. Department of Interior. https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/inline-files/bsi_investigative_report_may_2022_508.pdf
- Newman, J., Rivkin, I., Brooks, C., Turco, K., Bifelt, J., Ekada, L., & Philip, J. (2023). Indigenous knowledge: Revitalizing everlasting relationships between Alaska Natives and sled dogs to promote holistic wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010244
- The Office of Minority Health. (2020a). Obesity and American Indians/Alaska Natives. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=40
- The Office of Minority Health. (2020b). Obesity and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=85
- O’Rourke, S. R., Kochuten, N., Kochuten, C., & Reedy, K. L. (2018). Cultural identity, mental health, and suicide prevention: What can we learn from Unangax culture?. Arctic Anthropology, 55(1), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.1.119
- Pearce, M. E., Jongbloed, K. A., Richardson, C. G., Henderson, E. W., Pooyak, S. D., Oviedo-Jeokes, E., Wunuxtsin, M. C., Schechter, M., & Spittal, P., for the Cedar Project Partnership. (2015). The Cedar Project: Resilience in the face of HIV vulnerability within a cohort study involving young Indigenous People who use drugs in three Canadian cities. BMC Public Health, 15, 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2417-7
- Penn, J., Doll, J., & Grandgenett, N. (2008). Culture as prevention: Assisting high-risk youth in the Omaha Nation. Wicazo Sa Review, 23(2), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0004
- Pharris, M. D., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1997). Protecting against hopelessness and suicidality in sexually abused American Indian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 21(6), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00166-3
- Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K. A., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives?. The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-072
- SAMHSA. (2018, Aug. 23). Culture is prevention. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8GJtTSKgQQ
- Satterfield, D., DeBruyn, L., Santos, M., Alonso, L., & Frank, M. (2016). Health promotion and diabetes prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native communities — Traditional foods project, 2008–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Supplements, 65(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6501a3
- Schroeder, J. J. (1995). Developing self-esteem and leadership skills in Native American women: The role sports and games play. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 66(7), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1995.10607117
- Schultz, K., Cattaneo, L. B., Sabina, C., Brunner, L., Jackson, S., & Serrata, J. V. (2016). Key roles of community connectedness in healing from trauma. Psychology of Violence, 6(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000025
- Spence, M. D. (1999). Dispossessing the wilderness: Indian removal and the making of the national parks. Oxford University Press.
- Subica, A. M., & Wu, L. T. (2018). Substance use and suicide in Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Multiracial Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(6), 795–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.003
- Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities. https://www.sprc.org/racial-ethnic-disparities
- Tagalik, S. (2010). Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: The role of Indigenous knowledge in supporting wellness in Inuit communities. Nunavut National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health, 1–8.
- Tagalik, S. (2015). Inuit knowledge systems, elders, and determinants of health: Harmony, balance, and the role of holistic thinking. In M. Greenwood, S. de Leeuw, N. M. Lindsay, & C. Reading (Eds.), Determinants of Indigenous peoples' health in Canada: Beyond the social. (pp. 25–32). Canadian Scholars' Press Inc.
- Treaty of Cession of Manu'a, July 16, 1904, ratified by the U.S. Congress in the Ratification Act of 1929.
- Treaty of Cession of Tutuila, April 17, 1900, ratified by the U.S. Congress in the Ratification Act of 1929.
- Treaty of Paris, 1783; International Treaties and Related Records, 1778-1974; General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11; National Archives.
- Ullrich, J. (2019). For the love of our children: An Indigenous connectedness framework. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 15(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119828114
- United States Census Bureau. (2017). American Indian and Alaska Native heritage month: November 2017. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2017/aian-month.html
- United States Census Bureau. (2021). 2020 census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html
- Urban Indian Health Institute. (2022). We count. https://www.uihi.org/projects/we-count/
- Vantrease, D. (2013). Commod bods and frybread power: Government food aid in American Indian culture. The Journal of American Folklore, 126(499), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerfolk.126.499.0055
- Walker, J. L., Bradley, J. L., & Humphrey Sr., T. J. (2002). A closer look at environmental injustice in Indian Country. Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 1(2), 379.
- Walters, K. L., Beltran, R., Huh, D., & Evans-Campbell, T. (2011) Dis-placement and dis-ease: Land, place, and health among American Indians and Alaska Natives. In L. Burton, S. Matthews, M. Leung, S. Kemp, & D. Takeuchi (Eds.), Communities, neighborhoods, and health, Vol. 1. (pp. 163–199). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7482-2_10
- Walters, K. L., Mohammed, S. A. Evans-Campbell, T., Beltran, R. E., Chae, D. H., Duran, B. (2011). Bodies don't just tell stories, they tell histories: Embodiment of historical trauma among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8(1), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X1100018X
- Walters, K. L., Simoni, J. M., & Evans-Campbell, T. (2002). Substance use among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Incorporating culture in an "Indigenist" stress-coping paradigm. Public Health Reports, 117(1), S104–S117.
- Wexler, L. (2014). Looking across three generations of Alaska Natives to explore how culture fosters Indigenous resilience. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513497417
- Whitbeck, L. B., Adams, G. W., Hoyt, D. R., Chen, X. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3-4), 119–30. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AJCP.0000027000.77357.31
- Whitbeck, L. B., Chem, X., Hoyt, D. R., & Adams, G.W. (2004). Discrimination, historical loss and enculturation: Culturally specific risk and resiliency factors for alcohol abuse among American Indians. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2004.65.409
- Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., Stubben, J. D., & LaFromboise, T. (2001). Traditional culture and academic success among American Indian children in the Upper Midwest. Journal of American Indian Education, 40(2), 48–60.
- Whitbeck, L. B., McMorris, B. J., Hoyt, D. R., Stubben, J. D., & LaFramboise, T. (2002). Perceived discrimination, traditional practices, and depressive symptoms among American Indians in the upper Midwest. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(4), 400–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090234
- White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (n.d.). Fact sheet: What you should know about Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI’s). https://www.nhoassociation.org/uploads/6/5/8/4/65847333/facts_about_native_hawaiians_and_pacific_islanders_000.pdf
- Wilson, K. (2003). Therapeutic landscapes and First Nations peoples: An exploration of culture, health and place. Health & Place, 9, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00016-3
- Wolfe, R. J. (1982). Alaska's great sickness, 1900: An epidemic of measles and influenza in a virgin soil population. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 126(2), 91–121.
- Yoder, K. A., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., LaFromboise, T. (2006). Suicidal ideation among American Indian youths. Archives of Suicide Research, 10(2), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110600558240
- Yu, M., & Stiffman, A. R. (2007). Culture and environment as predictors of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms in American Indian youths. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2253–2259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.008