Résumés
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous proposons de tracer les contours d’une économie morale des ressources pétrolières. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur une étude de terrain menée auprès de salariés et de cadres d’une firme transnationale impliquée dans l’extraction de pétrole offshore. Nous démontrons que les émotions, les valeurs et les normes que ceux-ci articulent continuellement dans leurs activités de travail prennent consistance à même les tensions et les contradictions du complexe extractif offshore, dont le déploiement matériel est contraint par les caractéristiques spécifiques des ressources pétrolières (enfouissement dans le sous-sol, localisation en haute mer). Nous émettons enfin l’hypothèse que pour être dûment problématisées, ces économies morales particulières doivent être mises en regard de l’économie morale ordinaire de la ressource pétrolière qui s’élabore à l’échelle de la société industrielle dans son ensemble, et dont la légitimité se trouve toujours plus contestée.
Mots-clés :
- économie morale,
- matérialité,
- pétrole,
- offshore,
- entreprises transnationales
Abstract
In this article, I seek to trace the contours of a moral economy of oil resources. To do so, I mobilize the results of a field study conducted among employees and managers of a transnational firm involved in offshore oil extraction. I demonstrate that the emotions, values and norms that they continually articulate in their work activities within the company bear in them the tensions and contradictions of the extractive complex, which material deployment is constrained by the specific features of oil resources (burial in the subsoil, location in the open sea). At last, I insist on the fact that, in order to be properly problematized, these particular moral economies must be set against the "ordinary" moral economy of the oil resource that is elaborated on the scale of industrial society as a whole – and which legitimacy is increasingly contested.
Keywords:
- moral economy,
- materiality,
- oil,
- offshore,
- transnational Firms
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Achebe, C., 1978, An Image of Africa, Research in African Literatures, 9, 1, pp. 1‑15.
- AIE, 2018, Offshore energy outlook, [En ligne] URL : https://www.iea.org/reports/offshore-energy-outlook-2018
- Altvater, E., 2009, The Social and Natural Environment of Fossil Capitalism, Socialist Register, 43, 43, [en ligne] URL : https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5857
- Appel, H., 2012, Offshore Work: Oil, Modularity, and the How of Capitalism in Equatorial Guinea, American Ethnologist, 39, 4, pp. 692‑709.
- Appel, H., 2019, The Licit Life of Capitalism: US Oil in Equatorial Guinea, Durham, Duke University Press, 344 p.
- Auzanneau, M., 2015, Or noir, Paris, La Découverte, 892 p.
- Barry, A., 2013, Material Politics: Disputes Along the Pipeline, Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell, 260 p.
- Baudrin, M., B. Dauguet, D. Deias, et B. Raimbault, 2014, ‘On n’est pas des cow-boys’, Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, 8, 2, 2, pp. 451‑78.
- Beyazay, B., 2015, The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry: International Oil Companies in Global Business, New York, Routledge, 345 p.
- Boebert, E., J. Blossom, 2016, Deepwater Horizon: A Systems Analysis of the Macondo Disaster, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 304 p.
- Bridge, G., 2008, Global Production Networks and the Extractive Sector: Governing Resource-Based Development, Journal of Economic Geography, 8, 3, pp. 389‑419.
- Bridge, G., P. Le Billon, 2017, Oil, Cambridge: Polity Press, 288 p.
- Callon, M., F. Muniesa, 2003, Economic markets as calculative collective devices, Réseaux, 6, 122, p. 189-233.
- Campling, L, A. Colás, 2018, Capitalism and the Sea: Sovereignty, Territory and Appropriation in the Global Ocean, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 36, 4, pp. 776‑94.
- Carrier, J., 2018, Moral Economy: What’s in a Name, Anthropological Theory 18, 1, pp. 18‑35.
- Chalfin, B., 2019, On-Shore, off-Shore Takoradi: Terraqueous Urbanism, Logistics, and Oil Governance in Ghana, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 37, 5, pp. 814‑32.
- Charbonnier, P., 2020, Abondance et liberté, Paris, La Découverte, 464 p.
- Childs, J., 2020, Extraction in Four Dimensions: Time, Space and the Emerging Geo(-)politics of Deep-Sea Mining, Geopolitics, 25, 1, pp. 189‑213.
- Choquet, P.-L., 2019, Piercing the Corporate Veil: Towards a Better Assessment of the Position of Transnational Oil and Gas Companies in the Global Carbon Budget, The Anthropocene Review, 6, 3, pp. 243‑62.
- Crary, J., 2014, 24/7 - Le capitalisme à l’assaut du sommeil, Paris, La Découverte, 144 p.
- Daston, L., 1995, The Moral Economy of Science, Osiris, 10, pp. 2‑24.
- Demoli, Y., P. Lannoy, 2019, Sociologie de l’automobile, Paris, La Découverte, 128 p.
- Dessart, F., E. Triquet, 2015, Médiation géologique de terrain. Explorer ‘le réel de terrain’ et problématiser les événements grâce au récit, Spirale - Revue de recherches en éducation, 55, 1, pp. 75‑94.
- Dujarier, M.-A., 2015, Le management désincarné, Paris, La Découverte, 264 p.
- Dupuy, G., 2011, Fracture et dépendance: l’enfer des réseaux?, Flux, 83, 1, pp. 6‑23.
- Durand, J.-P., 2001, Travail informationnel et flux tendu, Paris, De Boeck, 225 p.
- Durkheim, É., 2013, La détermination du fait moral, dans Fassin, D., S. Lézé, La question morale - une anthologie critique, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 85-98.
- Edelman, M., 2012, E. P. Thompson and Moral Economies, dans Fassin, D., A Companion to Moral Anthropology, Wiley Online Library, p. 49‑66, [En ligne] URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118290620
- Fassin, D., 2009, Les économies morales revisitées, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 64, 6, pp. 1237‑66.
- Ferguson, J., 2005, Seeing Like an Oil Company: Space, Security, and Global Capital in Neoliberal Africa, American Anthropologist, 107, 3, pp. 377‑82.
- Ginzburg, C., 1980, Signes, traces, pistes, Le Débat, 6, 6, pp. 3‑44.
- Goddard, S., 1994, Getting There: The Epic Struggle between Road and Rail in the American Century, New York, Basic Books, 360 p.
- Habermas, J., 1966, Knowledge and interest, Inquiry, 9, 1‑4, pp. 285‑300.
- Hann, C., 2018, Moral(Ity and) Economy: Work, Workfare, and Fairness in Provincial Hungary, European Journal of Sociology, 59, 2, pp. 225‑54.
- Huber, M., 2009, Energizing historical materialism: Fossil fuels, space and the capitalist mode of production, Geoforum, 40, 1, pp. 105‑15.
- Huber, M., 2013, Fueling Capitalism: Oil, the Regulation Approach, and the Ecology of Capital, Economic Geography, 89, 2, pp. 171‑94.
- Jeanpierre, L., 2019, In Girum. Les leçons politiques des ronds points, Paris, La Découverte. 192 p.
- Kallis, G., J. Sager, 2017, Oil and the Economy: A Systematic Review of the Literature for Ecological Economists, Ecological Economics, 131, pp. 561‑71.
- Labban, M., 2010, Oil in parallax: Scarcity, markets, and the financialization of accumulation, Geoforum, 41, 4, pp. 541‑52.
- Labban, M., 2014, Against Value: Accumulation in the Oil Industry and the Biopolitics of Labour Under Finance, Antipode, 46, 2, pp. 477‑96.
- Le Bras, H., 2019, La voiture, les gilets jaunes et le Rassemblement national, Études, 4, pp. 31‑44.
- Le Monde, 2018, Vivre sur une plate-forme pétrolière au large de l’Angola, Le Monde, [En ligne] URL : https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/11/18/vivre-sur-une-plateforme-petroliere-au-large-de-l-angola_5385236_3212.html
- Lhuilier, G., 2016, Le droit transnational, Paris, Dalloz, 515 p.
- L’Italien, F., 2012, Béhémoth capital : contribution à une théorie dialectique de la financiarisation de la grande corporation, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Laval [En ligne] URL : https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/handle/20.500.11794/23427
- Lyall, A., 2018, A moral economy of oil: corruption narratives and oil elites in Ecuador, Culture, Theory and Critique, 59, 4, pp. 380‑99.
- Malm, A., 2016, Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam-Power and the Roots of Global Warming, Londres, Verso, 476 p.
- Markowitz, G., D. Rosner, 2002, Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution, Berkeley, University of California Press, 428 p.
- McCarthy, T., 2007, Auto Mania: Cars, Consumers, and the Environment, New Haven: Yale University Press. 368 p.
- Mitchell, T., 2011, Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil, Londres Verso, 288 p.
- Morizot, B., 2016, Les diplomates : cohabiter avec les loups sur une autre carte du vivant, Marseille, Wildproject. 425 p.
- Moulier-Boutang, Y., 2012, Cognitive Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity Press, 356 p.
- Musso, P., 2017, La Religion industrielle: Monastère, manufacture, usine. Une généalogie de l’entreprise, Paris Fayard, 433 p.
- Olivier de Sardan, J.-P., 1996, L’économie morale de la corruption en Afrique, Politique Africaine, 63, pp. 97‑116.
- Ortiz, R., 2020, Oil-Fueled Accumulation in Late Capitalism: Energy, Uneven Development, and Climate Crisis, Critical Historical Studies, 7, 2, pp. 205‑40.
- Pacault, A., P. Léon, 2015, Les équipements sismiques, Ifremer, [En ligne] URL : https://wwz.ifremer.fr/technoflotte2015/content/download/87126/file/Equipements_sismique.pdf
- Palomera, J., T. Vetta, 2016, Moral Economy: Rethinking a Radical Concept, Anthropological Theory, 16, 4, pp. 413‑32.
- Perrodon, A., 2000, Pétrole - L’exploration pétrolière, dans Encyclopaedia Universalis, [En ligne] URL : https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/petrole-l-exploration-petroliere/
- Pierron, J.-P., 2018, Penser comme un fleuve. Le rôle de l’imagination dans l’agir environnemental: prévision, prospective, rêverie, Géocarrefour, 92, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/10382
- Polanyi, K., 2009, La Grande Transformation, Paris Gallimard, 344 p.
- Ratté, S., 2019, (Un)Seen Seas: Technological Mediation, Oceanic Imaginaries, and Future Depths, Environment and Society, 10, 1, pp. 141‑57.
- Saxinger, G., 2015, To You, to Us, to Oil and Gas: The Symbolic and Socio-Economic Attachment of the Workforce to Oil, Gas and Its Spaces of Extraction in the Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districts in Russia, Fennia - International Journal of Geography, 193, 1, pp. 83‑98.
- Scott, J, 1977, The Moral Economy of the Peasant Rebellion & Subsistence in Southeast Asia, New Haven, Yale University Press, 409 p.
- Taylor, C., 2015, Le malaise de la modernité, Paris, Le Cerf, 244 p.
- Thomas, F., 2018, Les relations de travail offshore : Contribution à l’étude du pluralisme juridique, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Nantes, [En ligne] URL : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02160549
- Thompson, E., 1971, The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century, Past & Present, 50, 1, pp. 76‑136.
- Thompson, E., 1991, The moral economy reviewed, dans Thompson, E., Customs in common, pp. 259-351. Londres, Merlin Press.
- Tsing, A., 2020, Friction, Paris, La Découverte, 420 p.
- Weszkalnys, G., 2015, Geology, Potentiality, Speculation: On the Indeterminacy of First Oil, Cultural Anthropology, 30, 4, pp. 611‑39.
- Wood, C., 2016, Inside the Halo Zone: Geology, Finance, and the Corporate Performance of Profit in a Deep Tight Oil Formation, Economic Anthropology, 3, 1, pp. 43‑56.
- Yergin, D., 2008, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power, New York, Free Press, 766 p.
- Zalik, A., 2015, Resource Sterilization: Reserve Replacement, Financial Risk, and Environmental Review in Canada’s Tar Sands, Environment and Planning A, 47, 12, pp. 2446‑64.