Résumés
Résumé
L’avènement d’une catastrophe expose la vulnérabilité et la résilience d’une communauté. Pour la même raison, la catastrophe représente une fenêtre d’opportunité pour modifier ces conditions. Mais est-ce vraiment le cas? Est-ce que les catastrophes sont suivies par un changement des conditions de vulnérabilité qui l’ont générée ou des facteurs de résilience qui en ont mitigé les effets? À quelles conditions et comment? Cet article cherche à répondre à ces questions à travers l’étude historique des transformations en aval des catastrophes. Nous concentrerons l’analyse sur les désastres séismiques, qui constituent le terrain d’expertise principal de l’auteur, mais avec l’ambition de proposer des éléments de réflexion qui puissent s’adapter à d’autres typologies de catastrophes naturelles. Sur la base d’une comparaison entre le tremblement de terre de Messine de 1908 et celui de la vallée du Belice (Italie) de 1968, mais aussi en référence à d’autres cas, cet article dégagera certains facteurs clés pour comprendre les modifications que les politiques des catastrophes peuvent apporter sur les éléments qui rendent possible la catastrophe ainsi que sur les facteurs qui permettent – une fois la catastrophe survenue – de s’en remettre. L’article se concentre notamment sur trois aspects: le lien entre interprétations du désastre et politiques de protection; les conséquences à long terme des choix de l’urgence; les dispositifs de mémoire institutionnelle. À travers ces trois étapes, l’article démontre comment la modification ou non des conditions de vulnérabilité et résilience est liée aux tensions et conflits entre plusieurs acteurs et intentionnalités qui ne sont pas forcément liés aux politiques de protection et produisent, sur le temps long, des conséquences imprévues.
Mots-clés :
- catastrophes,
- politiques des catastrophes,
- vulnerabilité,
- résilience,
- tremblement de terre,
- histoire des catastrophes
Abstract
The occurrence of a disaster exposes the vulnerability and resilience of the affected community. For the same reason, disasters represent windows of opportunity to modify these conditions. But is it really so? Is a disaster followed by a modification of the conditions of vulnerability that caused it or of the factors of resilience that mitigated its effects? And if so, at which conditions and how? This article tackles those questions via the historical analysis of post-disaster transformations. It focuses on seismic disasters, which are the main area of expertise of the author, but hopes to offer reflections that speak also to other kind of disasters. The analysis is grounded on a comparison between the 1908 Messina earthquake and the 1968 Belice Valley (Italy) earthquake, but makes reference also to other disasters. Based on this empirical evidence, the article sheds light on how post-disaster politics can transform those factors that contributed to the disaster as well as factors that can contribute to overcome it. The article focuses notably on three themes: the nexus between disaster interpretations and prevention policies; the long term consequences of emergence choices; the structures of institutional memory. These three themes illustrate how the modifications or the persistence of conditions of vulnerability and resilience depended on tensions and conflicts among multiple actors and their conflicting intentions. These intentions often do not correspond to those of disaster prevention and can produce, over the long term, unexpected consequences.
Keywords:
- resilience,
- vulnerability,
- earthquake,
- disasters,
- disasters history
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