Résumés
Résumé
L’île de Mayotte est caractérisée par un littoral très diversifié comprenant de nombreuses mangroves à l’intérieur d’un vaste complexe récifo-lagonaire. Plusieurs de ces mangroves sont en forte régression avec des implications géomorphologiques significatives. Des expérimentations de terrain ont été conduites pour quantifier les changements morphologiques et pour comprendre les processus hydro-sédimentaires en action. Les mesures hydrodynamiques ont montré le rôle majeur de la répartition des mangroves sur l’atténuation de l’énergie des vagues. Dans les secteurs végétalisés, l’atténuation de l’énergie des vagues atteint plus de 90 % contre 35 % dans les secteurs dénués de palétuviers. Les observations morphologiques ont montré que l’érosion et le remaniement des sédiments sablo-vaseux des mangroves assurent le développement de placages et de barres sableuses sur l’estran. Ces sédiments sableux migrent progressivement vers le haut de l’estran, ce qui conduit à l’aggradation des cordons sableux localisés en arrière des mangroves. L’élévation continue des cordons sableux mène à l’enfouissement des systèmes racinaires et à l’asphyxie puis à la mort des palétuviers. Cette étude met en lumière le rôle de la mangrove qui va exercer un contrôle significatif sur l’activation des processus géomorphologiques et la sédimentation intertidale. Ces processus reflètent parfaitement la notion d’ajustements biogéomorphologiques inhérente à ces systèmes.
Mots-clés :
- mangrove,
- morphodynamique,
- érosion,
- biogéomorphologie,
- Mayotte,
- océan Indien
Abstract
The Island of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean, is characterized by a highly diversified shoreline comprising numerous mangrove zones set within a vast coral reef and lagoon complex. Many of these mangroves show a clear regression with significant geomorphological implications. Field experiments were conducted in order to document beach morphological changes and to determine hydro-sedimentary processes. Hydrodynamic measurements showed the marked effect of the mangrove vegetation distribution on wave energy attenuation. In mangrove areas, wave energy reduction reaches over 90 %, compared to 35 % in mangrove-free areas. Morphological observations have shown that the mangrove retreat is accompanied by erosion of the muddy-sandy substrate by waves which rework and concentrate the sand into well-defined bars, whereas the mud is dispersed towards the lagoon. The sand bars progressively migrate shoreward as swash bars that are built up into beach ridges by waves behind the subsisting mangrove fringe. Continuous beach ridge accretion leads to burial and asphyxia of mangrove root systems, further leading to mangrove mortality. This study highlights the role of mangroves, which exert significant control on the activation of coastal geomorphic processes and intertidal sedimentation. These processes perfectly reflect the notion of biogeomorphological adjustments inherent in these coastal systems.
Keywords:
- mangrove,
- morphodynamic,
- erosion,
- biogeomorphology,
- Mayotte island,
- Indian Ocean
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Parties annexes
Remerciements
L’auteur de cet article tient à remercier les organismes qui ont contribué au financement de ces travaux de recherche (ULCO; ministère des Outre-Mer; IRD de La Réunion et Guyane) ainsi que les services locaux impliqués dans la gestion de l'environnement littoral et lagonaire de Mayotte pour leurs aides techniques et logistiques, notamment la DEAL et le Parc naturel marin de Mayotte. Je remercie également Alexandra Gigou, Éric Brenner, Morgane Le Moal et Michel Charpentier pour leurs aides sur le terrain. Enfin, je remercie les deux relecteurs anonymes pour leurs suggestions pertinentes qui ont permis l’amélioration de cet article.
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