Résumés
Résumé
L’adaptation aux changements climatiques est une dimension de plus en plus prise en compte dans le domaine aussi bien politique que scientifique, mais sa mise en pratique demeure encore parcellaire. Le cas se présente notamment en milieux urbains des pays riches qui présentent pourtant une forte vulnérabilité face aux aléas climatiques à travers leur densité de population et d’activités économiques. Le Plan Climat de Paris élaboré en 2006 par le biais d’une démarche participative comporte un chapitre sur l’adaptation réalisé à partir du compte-rendu final de l’atelier de travail responsable de traiter ce thème (atelier "H"). L’article présente les résultats de l’étude rétrospective effectuée auprès des organisateurs (municipal et privé) du Plan Climat, des observateurs et des participants présents à l’atelier "H", lesquels montrent la difficulté d’arriver à une représentation collective claire à la fois de la définition de l’adaptation et des enjeux que cela implique lors de sa mise en oeuvre dans un milieu urbain comme Paris. Parmi les obstacles principaux à cette compréhension, on retrouve l’émergence de la prise de conscience face à la problématique des changements climatiques, l’ambiguïté sémantique du terme « adaptation » et le chevauchement des notions de mitigation et d’adaptation.
Mots-clés :
- changements climatiques,
- adaptation,
- institutions,
- représentation sociale,
- Paris
Abstract
Adaptation to climate change is attracting more and more attention, as much in scientific fields as in political spheres. However, its implementation remains fragmented, especially in the urban areas of industrialised countries despite their significant vulnerability to climate hazards due to high density of populations and economic activities. The City of Paris’ Climate Plan was developed in 2006 through a participatory approach and includes a chapter dedicated to adaptation, based on the final report from the workshop concerning adaptation in Paris (named Workshop H). This paper reports the retrospective study conducted with the organizers (municipal and consultants) of the Climate Plan, observers and participants involved in Workshop H. Results suggest it is difficult to achieve a clear collective understanding of what adaptation to climate change implies and what it looks like once it is translated into actions in an urban area such as Paris. Among the main barriers towards a collective understanding, is the recent awareness of climate change, the semantic ambiguity behind the word “adaptation” as well as the overlap between mitigation and adaptation concepts.
Keywords:
- climate change,
- adaptation,
- institutions,
- social perception,
- paris
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Adger, W.N., S. Agrawala, M.M.Q. Mirza, C. Conde, K. O’Brien, J. Pulhin, R. Pulwarty, B. Smit et K. Takahashi, 2007, Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. Climate Change 2007 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Adger, N.W., N.W. Arnell et E.L. Tompkins, 2005, Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15, 77-86.
- Adger, N.W., K. Brown, J. Fairbrass, A. Jordan, J. Paavola, S. Rosendo et G. Seyfang, 2003, Governance for sustainability : towards a "thick" analysis of environmenal decisionmaking. Environment and Planning, A 35, 1095-1110.
- Assemblée Nationale (France), 2006, Rapport fait au nom de la mission d’information sur l’effet de serre, Président J.-Y. Le Déaut, Rapporteuse N. Kosciusko-Morizet, rapport n° 3021 déposé le 12 avril 2006, Paris, Tome I Rapport, 195 p. + annexes
- Bazerman, M.H., 2006, Climate Change as a Predictable Surprise. Climatic Change, 77, 179-193.
- Bertrand F. et C. Larrue, 2007, Gestion territoriale du changement climatique - Une analyse à partir des politiques régionales. Rapport final, volume 1, synthèse, programme GICC-2, Laboratoire Ville-Société-Territoire UMR CITERES 6173, Université de Tours, 64 p.
- Burton, I., S. Huq, B. Lim, O. Pilifosova et E.L. Schipper, 2002, From impacts assessments to adaptation priorities : the shaping of adaptation policy. Climate Policy, 2, 145-159.
- Cantor, R. et G. Yohe, 1998, Economic analysis, in : S. Rayner and E. L. Malone (Eds), Human Choice and Climate Change, Volume Three : The tools for policy analysis (Colombus, OH, Batelle Press).
- Depeau, S., 2006, De la representation sociale à la cognition spatiale et environnementale : la notion de “représentation” en psychologie sociale et environnementale, ESO, 25, p. 7-17.
- Dessai, S. et Hulme, M., 2004, Does climate adaptation policy need probabilities ? Climate Policy, 4, 107-128.
- Füssel, H.-M., 2007, Adaptation planning for climate change : concepts, assessment approaches and key lessons. Sustainability Science 2 : 265-275.
- Gagnon-Lebrun, F. and S. Agrawala (2006). Progress on Adaptation to Climate Change in Developed Countries : An Analysis of Broad Trends, ENV/EPOC/GSP(2006)1/FINAL, OECD, Paris.
- GIEC, 2001, Climate Change 2001 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, McCarthy J.J., Canziani O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J. and White, K.S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK , 1032 pp.
- GIEC, 2007, Climate Change 2007 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Parry, M.L., Canzioani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976 pp.
- Glaser, B. et A. Strauss, 1967, The discovery of grounded Theory, strategies for qualitative research. New York : Aldine et Gruyer.
- Grothmann, T. et A. Patt, 2005, Adaptive capacity and human cognition : the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15, 3, 199-213.
- Haque, E.C. et I. Burton, 2005, Adaptation options strategies for hazards and vulnerability mitigation : an international perspective. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10 : 335-353.
- Huneman, P., 2005, Difficultés du concept d’adaptation. Bulletin de la société d’histoire et d’épistémologie des sciences de la vie, I, 173-197.
- Keskitalo, E.C.H., 2004, A Framework for Multi-level Stakeholder Studies in Response to Global Change. Local Environnement 9(5) : 425-435.
- Klein, R.J.T., S. Huq, F. Denton, T.E. Downing, R.G. Richels, J.B. Robinson et F.L. Toth, 2007, Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation. Climate Change 2007 : Impacts, Adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 745-777.
- Koch, I., Vogel, C. et Z. Patel, 2007, Institutional dynamics and climate change adaptation in South Africa. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 8, 1323-1339.
- Lecoeur, E., 2007, Le changement d’attitude face à la crise climatique - les enjeux sociologiques et psychosociologiques. Séminaire IAURIF « Contraintes énergétiques et mutations urbaines », atelier 7 « opinion et comportements », 12 octobre 2007.
- Lorenzoni, I.N., S. Nicholson-Cole et L. Whitmarsh, 2007, Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications. Global Environment Change, 17, 445-459
- Moisselin, J.-M., M. Schneider, C. Canellas et O. Mestre, 2002, Les changements climatiques au XXe siècle, étude des longues séries homodénéisées de données de température et de précipitations. La météorologie, 38, 45-56.
- Naess, L.O., G. Bang, S. Eriksen et L. Vevatne, 2005, Institutional adaptation to climate change : Flood responses at the municipal level in Norway. Global Environmental Change 15 : 125-138.
- O’Neill, S. J. et M. Hulme, 2009, An iconic approach for representing climate change. Global Environment Change 19 (402-410).
- Observatoire National sur les Effets du Réchauffement Climatique (ONERC), 2007, Stratégie nationale d’adaptation au changement climatique, 97 pp.
- O'Riordan, T. et A. Jordan, 1999, Institutions, climate change and cultural theory : towards a common analytical framework. Global Environmental Change 9 : 81-93.
- Orlove, B., 2005, "Human adaptation to climate change : a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives, Environmental Science & Policy, 8, 589-600.
- Pielke Jr., R.A., 1998, Rethinking the role of adaptation in climate policy. Global Environmental Change 8(2) : 159-170.
- Pielke Jr., R.A., 2005, Misdefining “climate change” : consequences for science and action. Environmental Science and Policy 8 : 548-561.
- Pruitt, L.R., 2009, Migration, Development, and the Promise of CEDAW for Rural Women, Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 30, p. 707 ; UC Davis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 182. [En ligne] URL : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1432150
- Schipper, E.L.F., 2006, Conceptual History of Adaptation in the UNFCCC Process, Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 15, 1, 82-92.
- Sherbinin, A., A. Schiller et A. Pulsipher, 2006, The vulnerability of global cities to climate hazards. Environment and Urbanization, 19(1) : 39-64.
- Simonet, G., 2009, Le concept d’adaptation : polysémie interdisciplinaire et implication pour les changements climatiques, Nature, Sciences, Société, vol. 17, 4, 392-401.
- Smit, B. et J. Wandel, 2006, Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability, Global Environmental Change, 16, 282-292.
- Stedman, R.C., 2004, Risk and Climate Change : Perceptions of Key Policy Actors in Canada. Risk Analysis, 24, 5, 1395-1406.
- Strauss, A. et Corbin, J., 1990, Basics of qualitative research : grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park : Sage Publications. 270 p.
- Taché, A., 2003, L’adaptation : un concept sociologique systémique. Éditions L’Harmattan, 362 p.
- Thompson, A., P. Robbins, B. Sohngen, J. Arvai et T. Koontz, 2006, Economy, Politics, and Institutions : From Adaptations to Adaptive Management in Climate Change. Climatic Change, 78, 1-5.
- Wilbanks, T.J., P. Romero Lankao, M. Bao, F. Berkhout, S. Cairncross, J.-P. Ceron, M. Kapshe, R. Muir-Wood et R. Zapata-Marti, 2007, Industry, settlement and society, Climate Change 2007 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 357-390.