Résumés
Abstract
Translation has long been integral to the circulation of art between the East and West (Whyte and Heide, 2011, p. 47). Classical Chinese art was first introduced to the West when a history of classical Chinese painting was translated into English (ibid., pp. 46-47). As indicated by the plethora of books and articles published on the subject, there is now widespread interest in contemporary Chinese art, which has achieved international acclaim since the 1990s. This paper draws on existing scholarship in translation studies and political science to analyze four types of paratext (title, cover design, epigraphs, and translator’s preface) in a biography of contemporary Chinese artist Zhang Xiaogang. Based on a comparative visual and verbal paratextual analysis, the paper examines the re-construction of the original title and cover design for the English translation of Zhang’s biography. In this “paratranslation” (Pellatt, 2013a), the translator subverts what Valerie Pellatt calls an “Occidentalist approach” in two ways: first, by privileging the source culture—China’s soft power—over the Western target readership and, second, by explicitly but subtly using rhetorical and narrative devices to convey his own social-political stance. The translated paratexts thus perform multiple functions. They promote the state’s soft power by constructing an image of an underground artist whose work, by resisting autocracy, was once suppressed by the state but is now acclaimed both nationally and internationally. Simultaneously, the translation provides a space for the translator’s voice. This study reveals the importance of translation to scholarship on contemporary Chinese art, which here goes beyond translation itself by giving the translator a voice to advocate for social awareness.
Keywords:
- paratext,
- intersemiotic translation,
- soft power,
- patronage,
- translator’s voice
Résumé
La traduction constitue depuis longtemps un vecteur de circulation de l’art entre l’Orient et l’Occident (Whyte et Heide, 2011, p. 47). L’art chinois classique a été introduit pour la première fois en Occident lorsque l’histoire de la peinture chinoise classique a été traduite en anglais (ibid., pp. 46-47). Comme l’indique la pléthore de publications sur le sujet, l’intérêt pour l’art contemporain chinois, qui bénéficie d’une reconnaissance internationale depuis les années 1990, est désormais très répandu. Cet article, qui s’appuie sur des études existantes en traductologie et en politique, analyse quatre types de paratexte (titre, couverture, épigraphes et préface du traducteur) d’une biographie de l’artiste chinois contemporain Zhang Xiaogang. Dans cette « paratraduction » (Pellatt, 2013a), le traducteur subvertit de deux façons « l’approche occidentaliste » de la traduction : premièrement, en déplaçant l’attention des lecteurs cibles occidentaux vers le contexte social de la culture d’origine et, deuxièmement, en utilisant des procédés rhétoriques et des récits historiques explicites, mais subtils, pour transmettre sa position socio-politique. Le paratexte remplit donc de multiples fonctions. Il promeut le pouvoir de convaincre (soft power) de l’État, en construisant l’image d’un artiste autrefois clandestin qui a résisté à l’autocratie, dont le travail a été censuré par l’État, et qui est maintenant acclamé aux niveaux national et international. Simultanément, la traduction offre un espace d’expression pour le traducteur, dans un scénario complexe. Cette étude révèle l’importance de la traduction dans l’étude de l’art chinois contemporain, dont la valeur potentielle va au-delà de la traduction elle-même, et dans laquelle la voix du traducteur peut plaider pour une prise de conscience sociale.
Mots-clés :
- paratexte,
- traduction intersémiotique,
- pouvoir de convaincre (soft power),
- patronage,
- voix du traducteur
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Carrier, James G., ed. (1995). Occidentalism: Images of the West. Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press.
- Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China (2007). 胡锦涛在中共第十七次全国代表大会上的报告全文 [Full Text of Hu Jintao’s Report to the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2007-10/24/content_785431.htm [consulted 10 September 2021].
- Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China (2009). 《 化产业振兴规划》全文发布 [Cultural Industry Revitalization Plan]. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/26/content_1427394. htm [consulted 10 September 2021].
- Churchill, Pamela (2016). Fine Lines: The Subtleties of Cultural Translation and the Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art. M.A. thesis. McGill University. Unpublished. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/pagepdf/2507081798?accountid=10792 [consulted 23 January 2023].
- Córdoba Serrano, María Sierra (2010). “Translation as a Measure of Literary Domination: The Case of Quebec Literature Translated in Spain (1975-2004).” MonTi, 2, pp. 249-282.
- Deng, Xiaoping邓小平 (1993). Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping. Vol. 3. Beijing, People’s Publishing.
- Dickson, Bruce J. (2003). Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Doar, Bruce Gordon. (2016). “The Translator’s Preface.” In Peng Lü, Bloodlines: The Zhang Xiaogang Story. Trans. Bruce G. Doar. Milan, Skira, pp. 9-12.
- Ehrman, Thierry (n.d.). The Contemporary Art Market Report 2017. Artmarket.com. Video. Available at: https://www.artprice.com/artprice-reports/the-contemporary-art-market-report-2017 [consulted 14 October 2018].
- Gao, Minglu 高名潞 (2011). Total Modernity and the Avant-Garde in Twentieth-Century Chinese Art. Cambridge, MA and London, MIT Press, in association with China Art Foundation.
- Genette, Gérard (1997a). Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree. Trans. Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
- Genette, Gérard (1997b). Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Gladston, Paul (2013). ‘Avant-Garde’ Art Groups in China, 1979-1989: The Stars, The Northern Art Group, The Pond Association, Xiamen Dada; a Critical Polylogue. Bristol, Intellect.
- Gladston, Paul (2016 [2015]). “Cultural Translation and Post Hoc Intellectual Conceit,” Deconstructing Contemporary Chinese Art: Selected Critical Writings and Conversations, 2007-2014. Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 55-64.
- Gorlée, Dinda L. (1994). Semiotics and the Problem of Translation, with Special Reference to the Semiotics of Charles S. Peirce. Amsterdam and Atlanta, Rodopi.
- Harris, Jonathan, ed. (2011). Globalization and Contemporary Art. Malden, MA, Wiley-Blackwell.
- Hermans, Theo (1996). “The Translator’s Voice in Translated Narrative.” Target, 8, 1, pp. 23-48.
- Hermans, Theo (2014). “Positioning Translators: Voices, Views and Values in Translation.” Language and Literature, 23, 3, pp. 285-301. Available at: https://doi-org.uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/0963947014536508 [consulted 28 April 2022].
- Hosseinzadeh, Maryam (2015). “Translatorial Prefaces: A Narrative Analysis Model.” International Journal of English Language, Literature and Translation Studies, 2, 3. Available at: http://www.ijelr.in/2.3.15/311-319%20MARYAM%20HOSSEINZADEH.pdf [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Jakobson, Roman (2004 [1959]). “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.” In Lawrence Venuti, ed. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York, Routledge.
- Jing, Xuemin 荆学民 and Yanbing Li 李彦冰 (2010). “Political Communication: National Image and National Ideas.” Journal of Communication University of China, 11, 1, pp. 5-20.
- Kharchenkova, Svetlana and Olav Velthuis (2015). “An Evaluative Biography of Cynical Realism and Political Pop.” In Ariane Berthoin Antal et al., eds. Moments of Valuation: Exploring Sites of Dissonance. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 108-130.
- Kobus, Marais (2019). A (Bio) Semiotic Theory of Translation. The Emergence of Social-Cultural Reality. New York and London, Routledge.
- Köppel-Yang, Martina (2003). Semiotic Warfare: A Semiotic Analysis; the Chinese Avant Garde, 1979-1989. Hong Kong, Timezone 8.
- Kuang, Wenbo 匡文波 and Tianhao Ren 任天浩 (2013). “Research on the National Image Theoretical Analytical Model Based on the Reflection of Cultural Values, National Interests and Mass Media.” Chinese Journal of Journalism and Communication, 35, 2, pp. 92-101.
- Ledderose, Lothar (2003). “Preface by Lothar Ledderose.” In Martina Köppel-Yang, Semiotic Warfare: A Semiotic Analysis; the Chinese Avant Garde, 1979-1989. Hong Kong, Timezone 8, p. 18.
- Lefevere, André (1998). “Translation Practice(s) and the Circulation of Cultural Capital: Some Aeneids in English.” In Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere, eds. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Clevedon, Multilingual Matters, pp. 41-56.
- Lenczowski, John (2009). “Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy.” In Michael J. Waller, ed. Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare. Washington, Institute of World Politics Press, pp. 74-99.
- Levine, Suzanne Jill (1992). “Translation as (Sub)Version: On Translating Infante’s Inferno.” In Lawrence Venuti, ed. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 75-85.
- Li, Cheng李成 (2012). “The Powerful Factions Among China’s Rulers.” BBC, 5 November. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-powerful-factions-among-chinas-rulers/ [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Lim, Yan Liang (2017). “Brains behind the ‘China Dream.’” The Straits Times, 26 October. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/brains-behind-the-china-dream [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Lü, Peng吕澎 (2010). A History of Art in 20th-Century China. Trans. Bruce G. Doar. Milan, Charta.
- Lü, Peng 吕澎 (2016a). Bloodlines: The Zhang Xiaogang Story. Trans. Bruce G. Doar. Ed. Rosa Maria Falvo. Milan, Skira.
- Lü, Peng吕澎 (2016b). 血缘的历史 1996年之前的张晓刚 [The History of Bloodlines Zhang Xiaogang before 1996]. GuanXi, Guangxi Normal University Press.
- Lü, Peng吕澎 (2016c). 吕澎:为什么要写张晓刚的传记 [Lü Peng: Why Write a Biography of Zhang Xiaogang]. Available at: https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/rbyn4.amp [consulted 2 October 2022].
- Lü, Peng吕澎 (2022). [Interview with Yandi Wang]. 15 October. Unpublished.
- Madueke, Sylvia I. C. (2019). “The Place of Translation in Nigerian Cultural Diplomacy and its Impact on Translation Exchanges.” TTR, 32, 1, pp. 81-112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7202/1068015ar [consulted 2 October 2022].
- McRae, Eleanor (2006). The Role of Translators’ Prefaces to Contemporary Literary Translations into English. Bachelor’s thesis. University of Auckland. Unpublished. Available at: https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/5972/whole.pdf?seque [consulted 2 October 2022].
- Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (2019). 教育70年 [70 Years of Education]. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_2082/zl_2019n/2019_zl66/201909/t20190904_397372.html [consulted 23 July 2020].
- Munday, Jeremy (2012). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 3rd ed. Abingdon and New York, Routledge.
- Nye, Joseph S. (1990a). Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York, Basic Books.
- Nye, Joseph S. (1990b). “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, 80, pp. 153-171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580 [consulted 16 April 2021].
- Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, Public Affairs.
- O’Neill, Paul, ed. (2007). Curating Subjects. London, Open Editions.
- Pellatt, Valerie, ed. (2013a). Text, Extratext, Metatext and Paratext in Translation. Newcastle Upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Pellatt, Valerie (2013b). “Packaging the Product: A Case Study of Verbal and Non-Verbal Paratext in Chinese-English Translation.” The Journal of Specialised Translation, 20, pp. 86-106.
- Piselli, Francesca and Regina Lupi (2021). “Lutter contre la Révolution. Peritexte et voix du traducteur dans le Mercurio britannico (1798-1800).” TTR, 34, 1, pp. 153-179. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7202/1081499ar [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Pittwood, Linda (2016). “Parallel Realities: The Relationship between Translation Studies and Curating Contemporary Chinese Art.” Modern China Studies, 23, 1, pp. 75-94.
- Reiss, Katharina (1989 [1977]). “Text Types, Translation Types and Translation Assessment.” Trans. Andrew Chesterman. In Andrew Chesterman, ed. Readings in Translation Theory. Helsinki, Finn Lectura, pp. 105-115.
- Robertson, Jean and Craig McDaniel (2013). Themes of Contemporary Art: Visual Art after 1980. 3rd ed. New York, Oxford University Press.
- Sichuan Fine Arts Institute 四川美术学院 (n.d.). Contemporary Visual Art Research Center. Available at: https://www.scfai.edu.cn/sjyszx/ [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Tymoczko, Maria (2003). “Ideology and the Position of the Translator—In What Sense is a Translator ‘In Between’?” In María Calzada Pérez, ed. Apropos of Ideology: Translation Studies on Ideology—Ideologies in Translation Studies. Manchester and Northampton, St Jerome Publishing, pp. 181-201.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1994). “Translation and the Formation of Cultural Identities.” Current Issues in Language and Society, 1, 3, pp. 201-207.
- Von Flotow, Luise and Reingard M. Nischik, eds. (2007). Translating Canada. Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press.
- Wang, Huning 王沪宁 (1993). “作为国家实力的文化:软权力 [Culture as National Strength: Soft Power].” Fudan Journal (Social Sciences Edition), 3, pp. 91-96.
- Whyte, Iain Boyd and Claudia Heide (2011). “Art History and Translation.” Diogenes, 58, 3, pp. 45-54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192112452217 [consulted 23 January 2023].
- Wilson, Michael (2013). How to Read Contemporary Art: Experiencing the Art of the 21st Century. Antwerp, Ludion; New York, Abrams.
- Xi, Jinping 习近平 (2014). “习近平的‘第四个自信’ [Xi Jinping’s ‘Fourth Confidence’].” People’s Daily Online—Chinese Communist Party News Network.Database of Important Speeches by Xi Jinping. Available at: http://jhsjk.people.cn/article/26280109 [consulted 26 September 2022].
- Zhang, Xiaogang 张晓刚 (2015 [1984]). “魔鬼的自白 [The Devil’s Confession].” In Li Guohua, ed. The Archives of Chinese Contemporary Artists. Beijing, Youth Publishing House, p. 13.
- Zhang, Xiaogang 张晓刚 (2015). “自述与手记 [Self-Narrative and Notes].” In Li Guohua, ed. The Archives of Chinese Contemporary Artists. Beijing, Youth Publishing House, pp. 10-21.
- Zhang, Xiaogang 张晓刚 (n.d.). “吕澎新书《血缘的历史:1996年之前的张晓刚》将发布 [Lü Peng’s new book The History of Bloodlines: Zhang Xiaogang Before 1996 will be released].” Available at: https://zhangxiaogang.artron.net/news_detail_838283 [consulted 30 September 2022].
- Zhu, Hongbing 朱鸿斌 (2016). “The Soft Power of Chinese Culture and Cultural Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Globalisation of Chinese Contemporary Art.” 上海文化 [Shanghai Culture], 2, pp. 92-101.