Résumés
Abstract
Ancient diplomatic correspondence to China from East Asian states has been a subject of research interest in Sinology, especially with respect to its relevance to historical politics and ideology in Asia. References to its implications to translation studies, if any, were, however, quite minimal. This article represents an initial attempt to examine China-bound diplomatic correspondence from the perspective of translation history. Diplomatic letters sent in medieval times by Yamato (known as Japan since 700) and the three Korean states (namely, Paekche, Silla, and Koguryǒ) were generally confirmed to be written in Chinese, not translated. However, the case for China-bound diplomatic correspondence from Türk (on Mongolia steppes)—previously a rival state to China, and later on a vassal state—is still controversial. In this article, examples are chosen from two letters presented by the Türkish qaqhans (tribal chieftains) to China during the Sui dynasty (581–618), to find out if these letters might have been translated from the Türkic language into Chinese. Evidence from standard histories of Northern dynasty China (Zhoushu and Beiqishu, among others) suggests the existence and use of a written Türkic language by the mid-sixth century. This written language, borrowing some Sogdian (present-day Uzbek) words, was said to be similar to the other written languages on the steppes, and was found to have been used in diplomatic and religious contexts, as early as the mid-sixth century. This article argues that if there was a written language in Türk at the time, it is reasonable to assume that the Türkish state letters presented to China might have been written in the Türkic language first, before being translated into Chinese.
Keywords:
- history of translation,
- diplomatic correspondence,
- Türkic language,
- sixth-century translation,
- Chinese dynastic history
Résumé
La correspondance diplomatique des États de l’Asie de l’Est adressée à la Chine, au Moyen-Âge, a fait l’objet de recherches en sinologie, surtout en ce qui concerne sa pertinence en histoire de la politique et de l’idéologie en Asie. Cependant, les références quant à ses répercussions sur la traductologie, s’il y en a, sont minces. Cet article est une première tentative d’analyse de la correspondance diplomatique adressée à la Chine du point de vue de l’histoire de la traduction. Au Moyen-Âge, les lettres diplomatiques en provenance de Yamato (Japon depuis 700) et des trois états coréens (Paekche, Silla et Koguryǒ) étaient pour la plupart écrites en chinois, et non des traductions. Cependant, la correspondance diplomatique adressée à la Chine en provenance de l’Empire Türk (situé au coeur des steppes de la Mongolie), qui était au départ rival, et par la suite vassal de la Chine, prête encore aujourd’hui à controverse. Dans cet article, nous étudierons deux lettres envoyées par les qaghans türk (chefs tribaux) aux souverains chinois de la dynastie Sui (581-618), afin de découvrir si celles-ci sont des traductions chinoises de la langue türk. Des sources historiques fiables provenant de la dynastie du Nord (dont Zhoushu et Beiqishu) suggèrent l’existence et l’utilisation d’une langue écrite türk au milieu du VIe siècle. Cette langue écrite, qui empruntait des mots sogdiens (Ouzbékistan), et que l’on considérait similaire aux autres langues écrites de la région, était utilisée dans des contextes diplomatiques et religieux. Puisqu’il existait une langue écrite türk, cet article soutient qu’il est raisonnable de supposer que les lettres envoyées à la Chine étaient rédigées en türk d’abord, avant d’êtres traduites en chinois.
Mots-clés:
- histoire de la traduction,
- correspondance diplomatique,
- langue türk,
- traduction au VIe siècle,
- histoire des dynasties chinoises
Parties annexes
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