Résumés
Abstract
David Henry Hwang’s play M. Butterfly (1988), reworked by David Cronenberg into a film (1993), is well-known for its suspension of disbelief (which resulted in some rewriting for the 2017 Broadway revival). While the play and its film adaptation have been extensively discussed in terms of gender and race, performing femininity and masculinity, East and West (Chow, de Lauretis, Levin), I will look at the trope of theatricality in film (Bazin, Sontag, Knopf, Loiselle) and the effects of liminality that it mediates. M. Butterfly ascribes the “betwixt and between,” liminal quality to all complex issues of human existence, including art and politics. The essay illuminates four aspects of the liminal experience: its ability to blur spatial boundaries, to disorient temporarily, to intensify perceptions, and to transform the observers into participants (Turner, Schechner, Fischer-Lichte). M. Butterfly is the story of a French diplomat René Gallimard’s (Jeremy Irons) love for a Peking opera diva Song Liling—a spy and a man in disguise (John Lone). Hwang’s play elaborates on the spatio-temporal aspects of the liminal: the blurred boundaries between the past and the present, the inside and the outside, or the ego versus alter ego. The film places emphasis on the intensifying and transformational potential of the liminal space, relying upon intermedial effects of the theatre within a film. Theatricality flows over into the cinematic reality and creates—through intermedial contact—an alternative reality, self-conscious, disorienting, and hallucinatory. Condensing various liminality effects, the play and its adaptation foster liminal sensibilities in the audiences.
Keywords:
- liminality,
- film adaptation,
- theatre,
- David Cronenberg,
- David Henry Hwang,
- M. Butterfly
Résumé
La pièce de David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly (1988), adaptée au cinéma par David Cronenberg (1993), est célèbre pour sa mise en scène d’une suspension de l’incrédulité (ce qui a nécessité la réécriture de certains passages pour la reprise de la pièce à Broadway en 2017). Alors que la pièce et son adaptation ont été le plus souvent analysées au prisme du genre et de la race (en s’intéressant à la féminité et à la masculinité, à l’Orient et à l’Occident), j’examinerai le trope cinématographique du « théâtre filmé » (Bazin, Sontag, Knopf, Loiselle) et les effets de liminalité qu’il rend possible. M. Butterfly attribue la liminalité, cet aspect « d’entre-deux », à toutes les questions complexes de l’existence humaine, y compris l’art et la politique. L’essai met en lumière quatre aspects de l’expérience liminale : sa capacité à brouiller les frontières spatiales, à créer un effet temporaire de désorientation, à intensifier les perceptions et à transformer les observateurs en participants (Turner, Schechner, Fischer-Lichte). M. Butterfly raconte l’amour d’un diplomate français, René Gallimard (Jeremy Irons), pour une diva de l’opéra de Pékin, Song Liling, espion et travesti en femme (John Lone). La pièce de Hwang développe les aspects spatio-temporels du liminal : le brouillage des frontières entre le passé et le présent, l’intérieur et l’extérieur, l’ego et l’alter ego. Le film met l’accent sur l’intensité et la capacité de mutation de l’espace liminal, en s’appuyant sur les effets intermédiaux du théâtre au sein du film. La théâtralité « déborde » dans la réalité cinématographique et crée – par le biais d’un contact entre les médias – une réalité alternative, réflexive, source de désorientation et d’hallucinations. Condensant divers effets de liminalité, la pièce et son adaptation favorisent l’approche de ces effets par le public, et la perception du sens créé entre les vides de l’oeuvre.
Mots-clés :
- liminalité,
- adaptation cinématographique,
- théâtre,
- David Cronenberg,
- David Henry Hwang,
- M. Butterfly
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Parties annexes
Biographical note
Dr Polina Rybina teaches at the Department of Discourse and Communication Studies, Faculty of Philology at Lomonosov Moscow State University; she is a member of the Association of Adaptation Studies (AAS). Her primary interests include film adaptation and the theory of film narrative, as well as adaptation and narrativity in contemporary theatre. She is the author of articles on film adaptation and appropriation published in Russia, Canada, Italy, France, and Romania; and of several book chapters in The History of Foreign Literature of the 20th century (Moscow, 2014; 2018; 2019). She is currently working on a book-length essay on screen adaptations of Tennessee Williams.
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Parties annexes
Note biographique
Dr Polina Rybina enseigne au Département de Communication, Faculté de Philologie de l'Université d'État de Moscou ; elle est membre de l'Association des études sur l'adaptation (AAS). Ses principaux thèmes de recherche incluent l’adaptation cinématographique et la théorie du récit cinématographique, ainsi que l’adaptation et la narrativité dans le théâtre contemporain. Elle est l'auteur d'articles sur l'adaptation et l'appropriation cinématographiques publiés en Russie, au Canada, en Italie, en France et en Roumanie ; et de plusieurs chapitres dans L'Histoire de la littérature étrangère du XXe siècle (Moscou, 2014 ; 2018 ; 2019). Elle rédige actuellement un ouvrage sur les adaptations cinématographiques de Tennessee Williams.