Résumés
Abstract
Dark tourism scholarship, so far, has mostly confined itself to European interpretations of rituals and death. This study aims at analyzing the phenomenon of dark tourism in the context of a non-Western and religious setting in India focusing specifically on tourist interest and perceptions. The study focuses upon two types of Hindu death-related rituals performed at the cremation grounds and attempts to understand how travelling to religious sites and witnessing “live” events of death can fall under the broad context of dark tourism, and how the different meanings associated by tourists form paradoxes and ambiguities that existing dark tourism scholarship fails to address adequately.
Keywords:
- dark tourism,
- pilgrimage,
- narrative analysis,
- death rituals,
- India.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Amole, Navpreet, 2008, “Varanasi Sacred & Profane,” Little India, n.p., <http://www.littleindia.com/arts-entertainment/2826-varanasi-sacred-amp-profane.html>, accessed January 17, 2014.
- Baldwin, Frank and Richard Sharpley, 2009, Battlefield Tourism, in Richard Sharpley and Philip R. Stone (eds.), The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, Bristol (UK), Channel View Publications, “Aspect of Tourism Series,” p. 186-206.
- Barker, Chris, 2003 [3rd ed.], Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice, London, Sage.
- Barrett, Ronald, L., 2008, Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India, Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Becker, Ernest, [1973] 1997, The Denial of Death, New York (NY), Free Press.
- Berger, Peter L., 1973, “Sincerity and Authenticity in Modern Society,” Public Interest, no. 31, p. 81-90.
- Bloch, Maurice and Jonathan Parry, 1982, Death and the Regeneration of Life, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Boorstin, Daniel J., 1964, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America, New York, Harper and Row.
- Bosangit, Carmela, Scott McCabe, and Sally Hibbert, 2009, What Is Told in Travel Blogs? Exploring Travel Blogs for Consumer Narrative Analysis, in Wolfram Höpken, Ulrike Gretzel, and Rob Law (eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2009: Proceedings of the International Conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, New York, Springer, p. 61-71.
- Bowman, Michael S. and Phaedra C. Pezzullo, 2010, “What’s so ‘Dark’ about ‘Dark Tourism’?: Death, Tours, and Performance,” Tourist Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 187-202.
- Bruner, Edward M., 1991, “Transformation of Self in Tourism,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 18, p. 238-250.
- Carson, Dean, 2008, “The ‘Blogosphere’ as a Market Research Tool for Tourism Destinations: A Case Study of Australia’s Northern Territory,” Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 111-119.
- Chapman, Andrew, 2009, “Varanasi – Probably the Craziest City in the World!,” TravelBlog, n.p., <http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/India/Uttar-Pradesh/Varanasi/blog-459720.html>, accessed February 7, 2014.
- Cohen, Erik, 1972, “Towards a Sociology of International Tourism,” Social Research, vol. 39, no. I, p. 164-182.
- Cohen, Erik, 1988, “Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 15, p. 371-386.
- Cohen, Erik, 1995, Contemporary Tourism—Trends and Challenges: Sustainable Authenticity or Contrived Post-modernity?, in Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce (eds.), Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes, London, Routledge.
- Cohen, Erik, 2009, “Death in Paradise: Tourist Fatalities in the Tsunami Disaster in Thailand,” Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 183-199.
- Collins-Kreiner, Noga, 2015, “Dark Tourism as/is Pilgrimage,” Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 19, no. 12.
- de Looze, Karen D., 2011, “Immortal Death: Before and After,” Hektoen International. A Journal of Medical Humanities, vol. 3, no. 2, n.p. <http://www.hektoeninternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=428>, accessed January 19, 2014.
- Dunkley, Ria, Nigel Morgan, and Sheena Westwood, 2007, “A Shot in the Dark? Developing a New Conceptual Framework for Thanatourism,” Asian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 1, no. 1. p. 54-63.
- Earl, Derek 2012, “Authentic Travel Experiences in Touristy Destinations,” Wandering Earl, October 25, n.p., <http://www.wanderingearl.com/authentic-travel-experiences-touristy-destinations/>, accessed February 10, 2014,
- Eck, Diana L., 1983, Banaras: City of Light, Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press.
- Enwil, Manish Suwal, 2012, Lessons from Aghori Baba (Why It’s Dangerous To Know Your Future), n.p., <http://enwil.com/aghori-baba/>, accessed January 17, 2014.
- Fernandez, Silvia, Emanuele Castano, and Indramani Singh, 2010, “Managing Death in the Burning Grounds of Varanasi, India: A Terror Management Investigation,” Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 82-194.
- Holloway, Donnell, Leslie Green, and David Holloway, 2011, “The Intratourist Gaze: Grey Nomads and ‘Other Tourists,’” Tourist Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 235-252.
- Hubert, Henri, 2009, “Preface to Saint Patrick and the Cult of the Hero,” in Alexander Riley, Sarah Daynes, and Cyril Isnart (trans. and eds.), Saints, Heroes, Myths, and Rites: Classical Durkheimian Studies of Religion and Society, Boulder (CO), Paradigm Publishers, p. 39-78.
- Jamal, Tazim and Linda Lelo, 2011, “Exploring the Conceptual and Analytical Framing of Dark Tourism: From Darkness to Intentionality,” in Richard Sharpley and Philip R. Stone (eds.), Tourist Experience: Contemporary Perspectives, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, p. 29-42.
- Kastenbaum, Robert, 1996, “Research Note: A World Without Death? First and Second Thoughts,” Mortality, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 111-121.
- Kierkegaard, Søren, 1980, The Sickness unto Death, Princeton, Princeton University Press (Howard V. Hong, ed., and Edna H. Hong, trans., original work published 1849).
- Kohler Riessman, Catherine, 2008, Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences, Thousand Oaks (CA), Sage.
- Kong, Lily, 1993, “Negotiating Conceptions of ‘Sacred Space’: a Case Study of Religious Buildings in Singapore, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 18, no. 3 p. 342-358.
- Korpella, Mari, 2010, “Me, Myself and I: Western Lifestyle Migrants in Search of Themselves in Varanasi, India,” RASALA, Recreation and Society in Africa, Asia and Latin America, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 53-73
- Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth, 1997, On Death and Dying, New York (NY), Scribner.
- Lane, Belden, 1988, Landscapes of the Sacred: Geography and Narrative in American Spirituality, Baltimore (MD), John Hopkins University Press.
- Lennon, John and Malcolm Foley, 2000, Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster, London, Continuum.
- Lonely Planet, 2014, Introducing Varanasi, n.p., <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi>, accessed February 2, 2014.
- MacCannell, Dean, 1976, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, New York, Schocken Books.
- McLaren, Deborah, 1997, Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel, Boulder (CO), Kumarian Press.
- Mellor, Philip A., 1993, “Death in High Modernity: The Contemporary Presence and Absence of Death,” in David Clarke (ed.), The Sociology of Death: Theory, Culture, Practice, Oxford, Blackwell, p. 11-30.
- Mellor, Philip A. and Chris Shilling, 1993, “Modernity, Self-identity and the Sequestration of Death,” Sociology, vol. 27, p. 411-431.
- Mena, Miguel and Carmela Bosangit, 2007, “Travel Blogs on the Philippines: A Comparative Study of International and Domestic Tourists’ Consumption of Place,” Proceedings of the 5th Biannual Symposium of Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure, Charleston (SC).
- Mitton, George, 2012, Sacred Branches, and Other Indian Memories, London, George Mitton, Edition 1, available at: <http://yarnmag.com/2013/10/15/travel-the-burning-banks-of-the-ganges/comment-page-1/>, accessed February 9, 2014.
- Moscardo, Gianna M. and Philip. L. Pearce, 1986, “Historic Theme Parks: An Australian Experience in Authenticity,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 13, p. 467-479.
- Neimeyer, Robert A. and Marlin K. Moore, 1994, “Validity and Reliability of the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale,” in Robert A. Neimeyer (ed.), Death Anxiety Handbook. Research, Instrumentation, and Application, Washington (DC), Taylor and Francis, p. 61-102.
- Oja, Ingvar, 2015, “Along the Ghats of Varanasi, Fear and Loathing: Reflections of a Swedish Journalist,” About Religion, Temples in India, November 30, n.p., <http://hinduism.about.com/od/templesinindia/fl/Along-the-Ghats-of-Varanasi.htm>, accessed February 9, 2014.
- Osbaldiston, Nick and Theresa Petray, 2011, “The Role of Horror and Dread in the Sacred Experience,” Tourist Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 175-190.
- Pan, Bing, Tanya Maclaurin, and John Crotts, 2007, “Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing,” Journal of Travel Research, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 35-45.
- Parry, Jonathan, 1994, Death in Banaras, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Parry, Jonathan, 2004, “Sacrificial Death and the Necrophagous Ascetic,” in Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Parry (eds.), Death and the Regeneration of Life, New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 74-110.
- Pons, Pau O, 2003, “Being-on-Holiday. Tourist Dwelling, Bodies and Place,” Tourist Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 47-66.
- Puhringer, Stefan and Andrew Taylor, 2008, “A Practitioner’s Report on Blogs as a Potential Source of Destination Marketing Intelligence,” Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 177-187.
- Rickly-Boyd, Jillian, 2012, “Authenticity and Aura: A Benjaminian Approach to Tourism,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 269-289.
- Rodman, Margaret C., 2003, “Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality,” in Setha M. Low and Denise Lawrence-Zúñiga (eds.), The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken (NJ), p. 204-223.
- Said, Edward, 1978, Orientalism, New York, Vintage Books.
- Seaton, Anthony V. 1996, “From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism: Guided by the Dark,” InternationalJournal of Heritage Studies, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 234-244.
- Seaton, Anthony V., 1999, “War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815-1914,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 26, p. 130-158.
- Seebaluk, Navrishka, 2013, “Walking the Path of Gods: A South African’s Visit to Hindu Sacred Sites in India,” Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, vol. 4, nos. 1-2, p. 131-139.
- Sharpley, Richard, 2005, “Travels to the Edge of Darkness: Towards a Typology of Dark Tourism,” in Chris Ryan, Stephen J. Page, and Michelle Aicken (eds.), Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues, Concepts and Managerial Perspectives, Oxford, Elsevier, p. 217-228.
- Sharpley, Richard and Philip R. Stone (eds.), 2009, The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. Aspects of Tourism Series, Bristol (UK), Channel View Publications.
- Steiner, Carol J. and Yvette Reisinger, 2006, “Understanding Existential Authenticity,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 299-318.
- Stone, Philip R., 2006, “A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites, Attractions and Exhibitions,” Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 145-160.
- Stone, Philip R., 2009, “Making Absent Death Present: Consuming Dark Tourism in Contemporary Society,” in Richard Sharpley and Philip R. Stone (eds.) The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, Bristol (UK), Channel View Publications, “Aspect of Tourism Series,” p. 23-38.
- Stone, Philip R., 2010, Death, Dying and Dark Tourism in Contemporary Society: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, doctoral dissertation, University of Central Lancashire, Preston (UK), <http://dark-tourism.org.uk/research-publications>, accessed January 9, 2014.
- Strange, Carolyn and Michael Kempa, 2003, “Shades of Dark Tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 30, no. 2 p. 386-403.
- Suri, Rochelle and Daniel B. Pitchford, 2010, “The Gift of Life: Death as Teacher in the Aghori Sect,” The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies (also available at: <http://www.kingsleyfernandes.com/untitled/articles/aghori_ijts.pdf>, accessed February 29, 2014.
- Tathãgata Journeys, n.d., “Varanasi Responsible Tours,” n,p., <http://www.traveltovaranasi.com/responsible_tour> , accessed in March 2014.
- Templer, Donald I., 1970, “The Construction and Validation of the Death Anxiety Scale,” Journal of General Psychology, vol. 82, p. 165-177.
- TripAdvisor, 2011, “Review of Hotel Sonmony,” November 25, n.p., <https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Hotel_Review-g297685-d1112728-Reviews-Hotel_Sonmony-Varanasi_Uttar_Pradesh.html>, accessed in March 2014.
- TripAdvisor, 2013, “Great Ganges View for an Authentic Varanasi Experience with all the Comforts of Home,” n.p., <https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g297685-d2144981-r156034706-Suryauday_Haveli_An_Amritara_Resort-Varanasi_Uttar_Pradesh.html>, accessed in March 2014.
- TripAdvisor, 2014, “Review of Hotel Sonmony,” n.p., <http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g297685-d1112728-r120705780-Hotel_Sonmony-Varanasi_Uttar_Pradesh.html>, accessed in March 2014.
- Turner, Victor, 1977, “Symbols in African Ritual,” in Janet L. Dolgin, David S. Kemnitzer, and David M. Schneider (eds.), Symbolic Anthropology: A Reader in the Study of Symbols and Meanings, New York, Columbia University Press, p. 183-194.
- Urry, John, 2002 [2nd ed.], The Tourist Gaze, London, Sage.
- Wang, Nina, 1999, “Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 349-370.
- Wenger, Anita, 2008, Analysis of Travel Bloggers’ Characteristics and their Communication About Austria as a Tourism Destination,” Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 169-176.
- Werdler, Karel, 2015, “Dark Tourism Considered from a Cultural Anthropological Perspective,” in Will Munsters and Marjan Melkert (eds.), Anthropology as a Driver for Tourism Research, Belgium, Garant Publishers, p. 151-163.
- Yalom, Irvin D., 1980, Existential Psychotherapy, New York (NY), Basic Books.
- Zara, Christiana, 2007, The Western Representation of the Journey to India: The “Mystical Appeal” of Varanasi(India), master’s thesis in cultural geography, University of London, Egham, Royal Holloway.
- Zara, Christiana, 2011, Sacred Journeys and Profane Travellers: Representation and Spatial Practice in Varanasi, India, doctoral dissertation, Royal Holloway, University of London (available at: <https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/4567636/2012_ZaraC_PhD.pdf.pdf>, accessed January 24, 2014).