Résumés
Abstract
While transgender and transsexual (trans) communities have been documented to experience high rates of suicidality, little attention has been paid to how this may vary based on experiences of social injustice. Using survey data from the Trans PULSE Project (n=433), we estimated that suicidal thoughts were experienced by 36% of trans Ontarians over the past year, and that 10% attempted suicide during that time. Moreover, we documented that youth and those experiencing transphobia and lack of support are at heightened risk. Suicidality varied greatly by medical transition status, with those who were planning to transition sex, but who had not yet begun, being most vulnerable. Recommendations are made for improving wellbeing in trans communities, through policy advocacy, service provision, access to transition care, and fostering accepting families and communities.
Keywords:
- Transsexual,
- trans,
- suicide,
- social justice,
- social work,
- transphobia,
- social inclusion,
- sex transition
Résumé
Bien qu’on ait déjà établi que les membres des communautés transgenre et transsexuels (trans) connaissaient des taux de suicidabilité élevés, on n’a que très peu porté attention jusqu’ici à la façon dont ces taux pouvaient varier en fonction d’expériences d’injustice sociale. À partir des données d’un sondage du projet « trans PULSE » (n = 433), on estime à 36 % la part des Ontariens trans qui ont eu des idées suicidaires dans la dernière année et à 10 % ceux qui ont fait une tentative de suicide durant la même période. La documentation recueillie permet d’établir que les jeunes et ceux qui ont subi des manifestations de transphobie ou qui ont manqué de soutien sont encore plus à risque. La suicidabilité varie beaucoup en fonction du statut médical de transition, les plus vulnérables étant ceux qui souhaitent changer de sexe sans avoir encore amorcé le processus de transition. Les auteurs formulent des recommandations pour améliorer le bien-être des communautés trans par des modifications des politiques à leur égard, par la prestation de services, par l’accès à des soins de transition et par la constitution de familles et de communautés d’accueil.
Mots clés:
- Transsexuel,
- trans,
- suicide,
- justice sociale,
- travail social,
- transphobie,
- intégration sociale,
- transitions de sexe
Parties annexes
Bibliography
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- Pelkonen, M. et M. Marttunen (2003). « Child and adolescent suicide: epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention », Pediatric Drugs, vol. 5, no 4, p. 243-265.
- Pyne, J. (2011). « Unsuitable bodies: Trans people and cisnormativity in shelter services », Canadian Social Work Review, vol. 28, no 1, p. 129-137.
- Rotondi N.K., G.R. Bauer, K. Scanlon, M. Kaay, R. Travers et A. Travers (2011a). « Prevalence of and risk and protective factors for depression in female-to-male transgender Ontarians », Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, vol. 30, no 2, p. 135-55.
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- Sakamoto, I., M. Chin, A. Chapra et J. Ricciardi (2009). « A “normative” homeless woman? Marginalisation, emotional injury, and social support of transwomen experiencing homelessness », Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, vol. 5, no 1, p. 2-19.
- Salganik M.J. et D.D. Heckathorn (2004). « Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling », Sociological Methodology, vol. 34, p. 193-240.
- Salganik M.J. (2006). « Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling », Journal of Urban Health, vol. 83(6 Suppl), p. i98–i112.
- Sherbourne, C.D. et A.L. Stewart (1991). « The MOS social support survey », Social Science and Medicine, vol. 32, p. 705-714.
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- Volz, E., C. Wejnert, I. Degani et D.D. Heckathorn (2007). Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT) Version 6.0.1, Ithaca, NY.
- Whittle, S., L. Turner et M. Al-Alami (2007). Engendered penalties: transgender and transsexual people's experiences of inequality and discrimination, Wetherby, UK, The Equalities Review, Communities and Local Governments Publications. [http://www.pfc.org.uk/pdf/EngenderedPenalties.pdf]
- Whittle, S., L. Turner, R. Combs et S. Rhodes (2008). Transgender EuroStudy: legal survey and focus on the transgender experience of health care, Brussels, ILGA Europe. [http://tgeu.org/sites/default/files/eurostudy.pdf]
- Zou, G-Y. et A. Donner (2008). « Construction of confidence limits about effect measures: a general approach », Statistics in Medicine, vol. 10, p.1693-1702
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Bauer, G.R., R. Hammond, R. Travers, M. Kaay, K.M. Hohenadel et M. Boyce (2009). « “I don’t think this is theoretical; this is our lives. How erasure impacts health care for transgender people », Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, vol. 20, p. 348-361.
- Bauer, G., M. Boyce, T. Coleman, M. Kaay, K. Scanlon et R. Travers (2010). « Qui sont les personnes trans en Ontario? », Bulletin électronique de Trans PULSE, vol. 1, no 1, p. 1-2. [http://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/E1French.pdf.]
- Bauer, G., N. Nussbaum, R. Travers, L. Munro, J. Pyne et N. Redman (2011). « Nous avons du pain sur la planche: la discrimination au travail et les défis d’emploi pour les personnes trans en Ontario », Bulletin électronique de Trans PULSE, vol. 2, no 1, p. 1-3. [http://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/E3French.pdf. ]
- Bauer, G.R., R. Travers, K. Scanlon et T.A. Coleman (2012). « High heterogeneity of HIV-related sexual risk among transgender people in Ontario, Canada: a province-wide respondent-driven sampling survey », BMC Public Health, vol. 12, no 292, p. 1-12.
- Canadian Association of Social Workers (2005). Code of Ethics. Ottawa. Author. Retrieved March 8, 2013 from: [http://www.casw-acts.ca/sites/default/files/attachements/CASW_Code%20of%20Ethics.pdf. ]
- Clements-Nolle, K., R. Marx et M. Katz (2006). « Attempted suicide among transgender persons », Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 51, no 3, p. 53-69.
- Dhejne, C., P. Lichtenstein, M. Boman, A.L.V. Johansson, N. Långström et M. Landén (2011). « Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in Sweden », PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no 2, p. e16885.
- Diaz, R.M., G. Ayala, E. Bein, J. Jenne et B.V. Marin (2001). « The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of Latino gay men », American Journal of Public Health, vol. 91, p. 927-932.
- Grant, J.M., L.A. Mottet, J. Tanis, J.L. Herman, J. Harrison et M. Keisling (2010). National Transgender Discrimination Survey report on health and health care, Washington, National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
- Grant, J.M., L.A. Mottet, J. Tanis, J. Harrison, J.L. Herman et M. Keisling (2011). Injustice at every turn: a report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, Washington, National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
- Hartley, C. et S. Whittle (2003). « Different sexed and gendered bodies demand different ways of thinking about policy and practice », Practice, vol. 5, no 3, p. 61-73.
- Heckathorn, D.D. (2002). « Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations », Social Problems, vol. 49, p. 11-34.
- King, M., J. Semlyen, S.S. Tai, H. Killaspy, D. Osborn, D. Popelyuk et I. Nazareth (2008). « A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people », BMC Psychiatry, vol. 8, no 70, p. 1-17.
- Lombardi, E.L., R.A. Wilchins, D. Priesing et D. Malouf (2001). « Gender violence: transgender experiences with violence and discrimination », Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 42, no 10, p. 89-101.
- Mallon, G.P. (1999). « A call for organizational trans-formation », Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, vol. 10, nos 3-4, p. 131-142.
- Marcellin, R.L., A. Scheim, G. Bauer et N. Redman (2012). « Les expériences de transphobie parmi les Ontariens et Ontariennes trans », Bulletin électronique de Trans PULSE, vol. 3, no 2, p. 1-2.
- Mathy, R.M. (2002). « Transgender identity and suicidality in a nonclinical sample: sexual orientation, psychiatric history, and compulsive behaviors », Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, vol. 14, no 4, p. 47-65.
- McCreesh, N., S.D.W. Frost, J Seeley, J. Katongole, M.N. Tarsh, R. Ndunguse, F. Jichi, N.L. Lunel, D. Maher, L.G. Johnston, P. Sonnenberg, A.J. Copas, R.J. Hayes et R.G. White (2012). « Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling », Epidemiology, vol. 23, p. 138-147.
- McNeil, J., L. Bailey, S. Ellis, J. Morton et M. Regan (2012). Trans mental health study 2012, Edinburgh, Equality Network. [http://www.scottishtrans.org/Uploads/Resources/trans_mh_study.pdf.]
- Morrow, D. et L. Messinger (2006). Sexual orientation and gender expression in social work practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual & transgender people, New York, Columbia University Press.
- Motmans, J., I. de Biolley et S. Debunne (2010). Being transgender in Belgium: mapping the social and legal situation of transgender people, Brussels, Institute for the equality of women and men. [http://igvm-iefh.belgium.be/nl/binaries/34%20-%20Transgender_ENG_tcm336-99783.pdf.]
- Namaste, V.K. (2000). Invisible lives: the erasure of transsexual and transgendered people, Chicago, Chicago Press.
- Nock, M.K., G. Borges, E.J. Bromet, C.B. Cha, R.C. Kessler et S. Lee (2008). « Suicide and Suicidal Behavior », Epidemiologic Reviews, vol. 30, p. 133-154.
- Nuttbrock, L., W. Bockting, A. Rosenblum, M. Mason, M. Macri et J. Becker (2012). « Gender identity conflict/affirmation and major depression across the life course of transgender women », International Journal of Transgenderism, vol. 13, no 3, p. 91-103.
- Nuttbrock, L., S. Hwahng, W. Bockting, A. Rosenblum, M. Mason, M. Macri et J. Becker (2010). « Psychiatric impact of gender-related abuse across the life course of male-to-female transgender persons », Journal of Sex Research, vol. 47, no 1, p. 12-23.
- Pelkonen, M. et M. Marttunen (2003). « Child and adolescent suicide: epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention », Pediatric Drugs, vol. 5, no 4, p. 243-265.
- Pyne, J. (2011). « Unsuitable bodies: Trans people and cisnormativity in shelter services », Canadian Social Work Review, vol. 28, no 1, p. 129-137.
- Rotondi N.K., G.R. Bauer, K. Scanlon, M. Kaay, R. Travers et A. Travers (2011a). « Prevalence of and risk and protective factors for depression in female-to-male transgender Ontarians », Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, vol. 30, no 2, p. 135-55.
- Rotondi N.K., G.R. Bauer, R. Travers, A. Travers, K. Scanlon et M. Kaay (2011b). « Depression in male-to-female transgender Ontarians », Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, vol. 30, no 2, p. 113-33.
- Sakamoto, I., M. Chin, A. Chapra et J. Ricciardi (2009). « A “normative” homeless woman? Marginalisation, emotional injury, and social support of transwomen experiencing homelessness », Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, vol. 5, no 1, p. 2-19.
- Salganik M.J. et D.D. Heckathorn (2004). « Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling », Sociological Methodology, vol. 34, p. 193-240.
- Salganik M.J. (2006). « Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling », Journal of Urban Health, vol. 83(6 Suppl.), p. i98–i112.
- Sherbourne, C.D. et A.L. Stewart (1991). « The MOS social support survey », Social Science and Medicine, vol. 32, p. 705-714.
- Steiner, B.W., R. Blanchard et K.J. Zucker (1985). « Introduction », dans B.W. Steiner (dir.), Gender dysphoria: development, research, management, New York, Plenum Press, p. 1-10.
- Travers, R., G. Bauer, J. Pyne, K. Bradley, L. Gale, et M. Papadimitriou (2012). Impacts of strong parental support for trans youth: a report prepared for Children’s Aid Society of Toronto and Delisle Youth Services, Trans PULSE Project. [http://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Impacts-of-Strong-Parental-Support-for-Trans-Youth-vFINAL.pdf.]
- Volz, E., C. Wejnert, I. Degani et D.D. Heckathorn (2007). Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT) Version 6.0.1, Ithaca, NY.
- Whittle, S., L. Turner et M. Al-Alami (2007). Engendered penalties: transgender and transsexual people's experiences of inequality and discrimination, Wetherby, UK, The Equalities Review, Communities and Local Governments Publications. [http://www.pfc.org.uk/pdf/EngenderedPenalties.pdf.]
- Whittle, S., L. Turner, R. Combs et S. Rhodes (2008). Transgender EuroStudy: legal survey and focus on the transgender experience of health care, Brussels, ILGA Europe. [http://tgeu.org/sites/default/files/eurostudy.pdf.]
- Zou, G-Y. et A. Donner (2008). « Construction of confidence limits about effect measures: a general approach », Statistics in Medicine, vol. 10, p.1693-1702.