Résumés
Résumé
Objectifs Des comorbidités plus méconnues que les troubles d’utilisation de substance peuvent survenir chez les personnes vivant un premier épisode psychotique (PEP). Le présent article révise l’importance de ces comorbidités par une synthèse de la littérature, éclairée de l’expérience clinique des auteurs.
Méthodes Cinq principaux groupes de comorbidités sont abordés : les troubles anxieux et obsessionnels-compulsifs, la dépression, le trouble de personnalité limite, le trouble lié aux jeux de hasard et d’argent et le trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité. Pour chacun de ces troubles, les données, quant à leur fréquence, leur impact sur le devenir des personnes atteintes, leur détection et leur traitement seront abordées et interprétées à la lumière de l’expérience clinique des auteurs.
Résultats Ces comorbidités ont été relativement négligées par les recherches, encore plus dans le contexte spécifique des PEP. Les données qui sont disponibles suggèrent néanmoins qu’elles sont très fréquentes dans cette population. Par exemple, on estime que la prévalence du trouble d’anxiété sociale pourrait atteindre 50 % et celle du trouble obsessionnel-compulsif 13,6 %. Les manifestations de ces troubles comorbides sont parfois difficiles à dissocier de celles de la maladie ; plusieurs manifestations des psychoses pouvant être rencontrées dans ces troubles comorbides et vice versa. Par exemple, le retrait social parfois rencontré dans les troubles anxieux ou la dépression peut être confondu avec des symptômes négatifs ; les troubles de comportement résultant des croyances délirantes ou de désorganisation du comportement survenant dans la psychose peuvent mener à un diagnostic erroné de trouble de personnalité ; les symptômes psychotiques survenant dans un trouble de personnalité partagent les caractéristiques de ceux survenant dans les troubles psychotiques ; les difficultés cognitives associées à un trouble déficitaire de l’attention peuvent donner le change pour celles liées directement au trouble psychotique. Dans certains cas, le traitement antipsychotique peut contribuer à l’émergence de manifestations de ces troubles comorbides, par exemple, des troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs survenant sous clozapine, ou le trouble lié aux jeux de hasard et d’argent survenant lors d’un traitement avec un agoniste dopaminergique. Si les traitements de ces comorbidités ont été peu évalués dans le cadre des PEP, les données disponibles et l’expérience clinique suggèrent que les traitements utilisés dans d’autres populations, une fois adaptés au contexte des PEP, peuvent s’avérer efficaces.
Conclusion Globalement, il y a peu de littérature portant sur ces troubles comorbides aux PEP. Pourtant, les données disponibles suggèrent qu’ils sont fréquents, que leur détection et leur traitement peuvent soutenir le rétablissement des personnes composant avec un PEP. Ainsi, il est essentiel de les prendre en compte dans une perspective de pratique d’intervention précoce axée sur le rétablissement.
Mots-clés :
- premier épisode psychotique,
- comorbidités,
- troubles anxieux,
- trouble de personnalité limite,
- trouble déficitaire d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité,
- trouble obsessionnel-compulsif,
- anxiété sociale,
- troubles concomitants,
- jeu pathologique
Abstract
Objectives Comorbidities that are less well known than substance use disorders may occur in individuals experiencing a first-episode psychosis (FEP). This article reviews the importance of these comorbidities through a synthesis of the literature, informed by the authors’ clinical experience.
Methods Five main groups of comorbidities are discussed: anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, borderline personality disorder, gambling disorder and attention deficit disorder. For each of these disorders, data on their frequency, their impact on the outcome of affected individuals, their detection and treatment will be discussed and interpreted in light of the authors’ clinical experience.
Results These comorbidities have been relatively neglected by research, even more so in the specific context of FEP. Nevertheless, the data that are available suggest that they are very common in this population. For example, it is estimated that the prevalence of social anxiety disorder may be as high as 50% and obsessive-compulsive disorder 13.6%. The manifestations of these comorbid disorders are sometimes difficult to dissociate from those of the illness; several manifestations of the psychoses can be encountered in these comorbid disorders and vice versa. For example, the social withdrawal sometimes encountered in anxiety disorders or depression may be confused with negative symptoms; behavioural disturbances resulting from delusional beliefs or behavioural disorganization occurring in psychosis may lead to a misdiagnosis of a personality disorder; psychotic symptoms occurring in a personality disorder share characteristics with those occurring in psychotic disorders; cognitive difficulties associated with an attention deficit disorder may give the impression of being directly related to the psychotic disorder. In some cases, antipsychotic treatment may contribute to the emergence of manifestations of these comorbid disorders, for example, obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring on clozapine, or gambling disorder occurring during treatment with a dopamine agonist. While treatments for these comorbidities have been poorly evaluated in the FEP setting, available data and clinical experience suggest that treatments used in other populations, when adapted to the FEP setting, may be effective.
Conclusion Overall, there is little literature addressing these comorbid disorders in FEP. Yet, the available evidence suggests that they are common, and that their detection and treatment can support recovery in individuals coping with FEP. Thus, it is essential to consider them from a recovery-oriented early intervention practice perspective.
Keywords:
- first-episode psychosis,
- comorbidities,
- anxiety disorders,
- borderline personality disorder,
- attention deficit disorder,
- obsessive-compulsive disorder,
- social anxiety,
- co-occurring disorders,
- gambling disorder
Parties annexes
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