Résumés
Résumé
De plus en plus d’adolescents à risque de suicide se tournent vers les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) pour chercher de l’aide. Or, à ce jour, aucune étude n’a exploré le processus de recherche d’aide par les TIC chez des adolescents à risque de suicide. Afin de pallier cette situation, une étude par théorisation ancrée a été menée afin de comprendre le processus de recherche d’aide par les TIC des adolescents ayant un risque suicidaire pour trouver des ressources concernant le suicide. La collecte de données a été effectuée à partir d’entrevues individuelles semi-structurées, d’un questionnaire sur la recherche d’aide par les TIC et d’observations d’une recherche d’aide réelle via les TIC par les adolescents de l’étude. Un n de 15 adolescents âgés de 13 à 17 ans a été atteint par saturation théorique. Les résultats ont permis l’émergence de la théorie de la noyade émotive virtuelle. Cette théorie permet d’abord de mieux comprendre le contexte initial de cette recherche d’aide, soit l’état du jeune, l’environnement social, les facteurs aggravants ainsi que le désir d’utiliser les TIC. Elle permet aussi de comprendre les différentes stratégies par les TIC utilisées par les jeunes (se distraire, s’informer, se dévoiler et aider les autres) ainsi que les conséquences engendrées (la croissance émotive, l’obtention d’aide, le soulagement temporaire, aucun changement, l’exacerbation des idées suicidaires ou le passage à l’acte). Des recommandations pour la clinique, la formation et la recherche sont ensuite émises.
Mots-clés :
- TIC,
- suicide,
- adolescents,
- recherche d’aide,
- prévention
Abstract
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for help-seeking is becoming more and more common for adolescents at risk of suicide.
Objectives The aim of this current study was to better understand the help-seeking process of adolescents at risk for suicide.
Methods A grounded theory methodology was used to describe the experience of adolescents at risk of suicide and gain a deeper understanding of their ICT help-seeking process. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, an ICT help-seeking questionnaire and live observations of ICT help-seeking strategies by the adolescents of this study. Theoretical saturation was reached with a total of 15 adolescents, aged 13 to 17, at risk of suicide.
Results The grounded theory that emerged gravitated towards the fact that adolescents chose to virtually deal with emotional drowning. A specific context allowed this central category to emerge and included the adolescents’ state, their personal triggers, their social environment as well as their desire to use ICT. The ICT strategies used by the adolescents to deal with their emotional drowning were to distract themselves, to get informed, to reveal themselves or to help others. Adolescents in this study used different ways to distract themselves with ICT. This included reading texts, watching online videos, listening to music and playing games. They also increased their literacy by informing themselves on suicide and mental health problems. However, many adolescents also searched for ways to help them commit suicide. Although most of the results were suicide prevention related, the keywords used by the adolescents remain preoccupying. Revealing their thoughts and their feelings about their emotional state seemed to be easier through ICT. They sometimes chose to reveal themselves anonymously but most of the time, they revealed themselves to use ICT to friends they already had in real life. Also, helping friends through ICT seemed to be very rewarding and helpful to the adolescents of our study even when they were in a state of emotional drowning. These different strategies to virtually deal with their emotional drowning hindered many different consequences which were to grow emotionally, to get help, to get temporary relief, to stay indifferent, to worsen their suicidal thoughts or to attempt suicide.
Conclusion Although some negative consequences of ICT emerge from this study, a great deal of the consequences was positive and helpful for these adolescents. Overall, this study shows that ICT offer great opportunities for adolescent suicide prevention. Implications for practice, training and research are further discussed.
Keywords:
- ICT,
- suicide,
- adolescents,
- help-seeking,
- prevention
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Basque, J. (2005). Une réflexion sur les fonctions attribuées aux TIC en enseignement universitaire. Revue Internationale des Technologies en Pédagogie Universitaire, 2(1), 30-41.
- Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L. et Christensen, H. (2013). Correlates of Suicide Stigma and Suicide Literacy in the Community. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 406-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12026
- Burke, T. A., Connolly, S. L., Hamilton, J. L., Stange, J. P., Abramson, L. Y. et Alloy, L. B. (2016). Cognitive Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation : A Two Year Longitudinal Study in Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(6), 1145-1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0104-x
- Chaulet, J. (2010). Les usages adolescents des TIC, entre autonomie et dépendance. Empan, (76), 57-65.
- Corbin, J. et Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3e éd.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
- Desjarlais, M., Gilmour, J., Sinclair, J., Howell, K. B. et West, A. (2015). Predictors and Social Consequences of Online Interactive Self-Disclosure : A Literature Review from 2002 to 2014. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(12), 718-725. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0109
- Durkee, T., Hadlaczky, G., Westerlund, M. et Carli, V. (2011). Internet Pathways in Suicidality : A Review of the Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 3938-3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8103938
- Everall, R. D., Altrows, K. J. et Paulson, B. L. (2006). Creating a Future : A Study of Resilience in Suicidal Female Adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(4), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00430.x
- Gilat, I. et Shahar, G. (2009). Suicide Prevention by Online Support Groups : An Action Theory-Based Model of Emotional First Aid. Archives of Suicide Research, 13(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110802572148
- Gouvernement du Canada, S. C. (2017). Suicide : Guides des plus récents renseignements. Récupéré le 22 avril 2017 de : http://www.statcan.gc.ca/fra/aide/bb/info/suicide
- Greidanus. (2010). Online Help Seeking. (Thèse de doctorat, University of Alberta, Edmonton). Récupéré de : https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vx021f69s/Greidanus%20Elaine%20Fall%202010.pdf
- Greidanus et Everall. (2010). Helper therapy in an online suicide prevention community. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069881003600991
- Harris, K. M., McLean, J. P. et Sheffield, J. (2009). Examining suicide-risk individuals who go online for suicide-related purposes. Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 13(3), 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110903044419
- Labouliere, C. D., Kleinman, M. et Gould, M. S. (2015). When Self-Reliance Is Not Safe : Associations between Reduced Help-Seeking and Subsequent Mental Health Symptoms in Suicidal Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(4), 3741-3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403741
- Lintvedt, O. K., Griffiths, K. M., Eisemann, M. et Waterloo, K. (2013). Evaluating the Translation Process of an Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for Prevention of Depression : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(1), e18. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2422
- Lux, T. M. (2011). Suicidal behaviour : understanding the process of online help-seeking in adolescents and young adults. (Mémoire de maîtrise, University of Alberta, Canada). Récupéré de : https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/0k225c30h/Lux_Tara_Fall%202011.pdf
- Luxton, D. D., June, J. D. et Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social Media and Suicide : A Public Health Perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 102(Suppl 2), S195-S200. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608
- Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M. et Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, Correlates, and Treatment of Lifetime Suicidal Behavior Among Adolescents : Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300-310. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55
- Organisation mondiale de la santé (2012). Prévention du suicide (SUPRE). Récupéré de : http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/fr/index.htm
- Rassy, J., Michaud, C., Bonin, J.-P. et Mathieu, L. (2017). La recherche d’aide concernant le suicide à l’adolescence. Article soumis pour publication.
- Rassy, J., Tribble, D. S.-C., Bonin, J.-P., Mathieu, L. et Michaud, C. (2015). La recherche d’aide sur Internet chez des adolescents ayant des idées suicidaires : une analyse de concept. Recherche en soins infirmiers : https://doi.org/10.3917/rsi.120.0078
- Reavley, N. J., Cvetkovski, S. et Jorm, A. F. (2011). Sources of information about mental health and links to help seeking : findings from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1267-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0301-4
- Roy, R. (2009). Enquête sur la génération C. Les 12-24 ans : utilisateurs extrêmes d’Internet et des TI. Récupéré de : http://www.csrs.qc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/Page_Accueil/Parents/PDF/TIC_Jeunes/CEFRIO_GenerationC_Internet_TI_oct2001.pdf
- van Spijker, B. A. J., van, van Straten, A. et Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2014). Effectiveness of Online Self-Help for Suicidal Thoughts : Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE, 9(2), e90118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090118
- Strauss, A. L. et Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
- Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J. et Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring Help-Seeking Intentions : Properties of the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39(1), 15-28.