Santé mentale : concepts, mesures et déterminants

Doré, Isabelle; Caron, Jean

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1040247ar

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Un cadre de référence pour soutenir l’action en santé mentale des populations

Bienfaits psychologiques de l’activité physique pour la santé mentale optimale

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La santé mentale est plus que l’absence de maladie mentale ou de troubles mentaux : elle constitue une forme de bien-être complet et interpelle notre capacité à jouir de la vie et à faire face aux défis auxquels nous sommes confrontés. La santé mentale et la maladie mentale ne représentent pas les extrêmes d’un même continuum, mais constituent plutôt des concepts distincts, bien que corrélés. La santé mentale influence directement le fonctionnement personnel et social des individus, justifiant l’importance d’agir en amont des problèmes pour promouvoir la santé mentale. Cet article vise, dans un premier temps, à situer le concept de santé mentale dans une perspective historique ; la conception traditionnelle suggérant que la santé mentale se définit par l’absence de troubles mentaux a été remplacée par une conception holistique qui interpelle directement la santé publique. Des modèles théoriques sont présentés afin d’exposer les diverses composantes de la santé mentale qui incluent une appréciation du bien-être émotionnel/qualité de vie (QV), du bien-être psychologique et social. Les auteurs présentent également différents instruments de mesure qui permettent d’évaluer les multiples dimensions de la santé mentale. Enfin, une recension des écrits présente les résultats de recherche sur les déterminants de la santé mentale. Nous souhaitons que cet article permette au lecteur de se familiariser avec des concepts et des outils qui ont pour but d’orienter la recherche, la surveillance, l’élaboration de politiques publiques et de programmes de santé publique destinés à la promotion de la santé mentale.

Mots-clés :

santé mentale,
qualité de vie,
bien-être émotionnel psychologique et social,
mesures,
propriétés psychométriques,
déterminants

Abstract

Objectives This article aims to situate the concept of mental health in a historical perspective. This article presents the most commonly used measurement tools in Canada and elsewhere in the world to assess specific and multiple dimensions of mental health; when available, psychometric properties are discussed. Finally, research findings on quality of life and mental health determinants are presented.

Methods A literature review of concepts, measurement and determinants of mental health is presented in this paper. The selection of measurement scales presented is based on the findings of the research reports conducted by the second author, an expert on mental health measures, for Health Canada and Statistics Canada.

Results Mental health is more than the absence of mental illness; rather it is a state of complete well-being, which refers to our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face. Accordingly, mental health and mental illness are not extremes of the same continuum, but distinct yet correlated concepts. The traditional conceptualization suggesting that mental health represents simply the absence of mental illness has been replaced, in the last few decades, by a more holistic characterization, which directly concerns public health. The components of mental health include emotional well-being/quality of life (QOL) and psychological and social well-being. Mental health influences the personal and social functioning of individuals, justifying the importance of intervening upstream to promote mental health. Specific scales are relevant for obtaining a detailed measure of one aspect of well-being in particular (emotional/quality of life, psychological or social well-being); however, to account for the global mental health status, measurement tools that integrate all three forms of well-being (emotional, psychological and social) should be privileged. A diversity of determinants at the individual, social and neighbourhood levels influence quality of life and well-being. These determinants are interrelated, and the complex and cumulative interaction of these determinants involves the use of comprehensive strategies for mental health promotion.

Conclusion We hope this article provides the reader with information to become familiar with the concepts and tools that aim at informing research, public health surveillance, public policy and programs for mental health promotion.

Keywords:

mental health,
quality of life,
emotional psychological and social well-being,
measures,
psychometric properties,
determinants

Parties annexes

Bibliographie

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