Résumés
Résumé
Dans cet article, les auteurs abordent le concept de relations d’objet et de sa place dans les théories psychodynamiques de la personnalité et, plus particulièrement, dans la conceptualisation de Kernberg des troubles et des organisations de la personnalité. Ils tentent ensuite de montrer la pertinence d’une approche empirique des relations d’objet en rappelant quelques-unes des mesures les mieux considérées. Ils présentent le Object Relations Rating Scale (ORRS ; Diguer, 2001), une mesure nouvelle qui se démarque des autres en ce qu’elle porte sur l’interaction thérapeutique dans son ensemble, qu’elle est cohérente avec le modèle d’intervention de Kernberg et qu’elle considère l’ensemble des manifestations relationnelles. Enfin, les auteurs présentent des indices métrologiques satisfaisants à propos de cette nouvelle mesure.
Abstract
In this article, the authors address the concept of object relations and its place within psychodynamic theories regarding personality and, more specifically, in Kernberg’s conceptualization of personality disorders and organization. The authors attempt to demonstrate the relevance of an empirical approach to object relations by presenting some of the instruments that are most considered. The Object Relations Rating Scale (ORRS ; Diguer, 2001), a new assessment instrument that is different from the others in that it assesses the therapeutic interaction as a whole, and that it is coherent with Kernberg’s model of intervention and considers the overall relational manifestations. Finally, the authors present satisfying metrological ratings of this new instrument.
Resumen
En este artículo, los autores abordan el concepto de relaciones de objeto y su lugar en las teorías psicodinámicas de la personalidad, en particular, en la conceptualización de Kernberg de los trastornos y la organización de la personalidad. Enseguida intentan mostrar la pertinencia de un enfoque empírico de las relaciones de objeto, recordando algunas de las medidas consideradas como las mejores. Presentan la Object Relations Rating Scale (ORRS; Diguer, 2001), una nueva medida que se diferencia de las otras en lo que concierne a la interacción terapéutica en su conjunto, que es coherente con el modelo de intervención de Kernberg y que considera el conjunto de manifestaciones relacionales. Finalmente los autores presentan los índices metrológicos satisfactorios convenientes para esta nueva medida.
Resumo
Neste artigo, os autores abordam o conceito de relações de objeto e de sua importância nas teorias psicodinâmicas da personalidade e, particularmente, na conceitualização de Kernberg dos transtornos e das organizações da personalidade. Eles tentam, em seguida, demonstrar a pertinência de uma abordagem empírica das relações de objeto lembrando algumas das medidas mais consideradas. Eles apresentam a Object Relations Rating Scale (ORRS; Diguer, 2001), uma nova medida que se diferencia das outras no que concerne à interação terapêutica em sua totalidade, à coerência com o modelo de intervenção de Kernberg e à consideração de todas as manifestações relacionais. Finalmente, os autores apresentam indícios metrológicos concluentes a respeito desta nova medida.
Parties annexes
Références
- Ackerman, S., Clemence, J., Weatherill, R., Hilsenroth, J., 1999, Use of the TAT in the assessment of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders, Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 422-442.
- Arachtingi, B. M., Lichtenberg, J. W., 1999, Self-concept and self-esteem as moderators of client transference, Psychotherapy : Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 36, 369-379.
- Bergeret, J., 1974, La personnalité normale et pathologique, Bordas, Paris.
- Betan, E., Heim, A., Conklin, C. Z., Westen, D., 2005, Countertransference phenomena and personality pathology in clinical practice : An empirical investigation, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 890-898.
- Blatt, S. J., Bers, S. A., Schaffer, C. E., 1993, The Assessment of Self Descriptions, Unpublished manuscript, New Haven, CT, Yale University.
- Blatt, S. J., Chevron, E. S., Quinlan, D. M., Schaffer, C. E., Wein, S., 1992, The Assessment of Qualitative and Structural Dimensions of Object Representations, édition révisée (mai 1992), Manuscrit non publié, New Haven, CT, Yale University.
- Bradley, R., Heim, A., Westen, D., 2005, Transference phenomena in the psychotherapy of personality disorders : An empirical investigation, British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 342-349.
- Callahan, K., Price, J., Hilsenroth, M., 2003, Psychological assessment of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse within a naturalistic clinical sample, Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 173-184.
- Cicchetti, D. V., Sparrow, S. S., 1981, Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items : Applications to assessment of adaptive behaviour, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 127-137.
- Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., Kernberg, O. F., 2006, Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality : Focusing on Object Relations, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
- Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Barber, J. P., Luborsky, L., 2000, Transference patterns in the therapeutic relationship in supportive-expressive psychotherapy for depression, Psychotherapy Research, 10, 356-372.
- Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Demorest, A., Azarian, K., Muenz, L., Chittams, J., 1996, The varieties of transference patterns in psychotherapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1213-1221.
- Crits-Christoph, P., Demorest, A., Connolly, M. B., 1990, Quantitative assessment of interpersonal themes over the course of psychotherapy, Psychotherapy : Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 27, 513-521.
- Daoust, J.-P., 2003, Santé mentale et organisations de la personnalité : Étude exploratoire entre ces deux concepts, Thèse de doctorat non publiée, Université Laval, Québec.
- Diguer, L., 2005, Mentalisation et psychothérapie chez le patient limite, L’Évolution psychiatrique, 70, 649-661.
- Diguer, L., Hébert, É., Gamache, D., Laverdière, O., Daoust, J.-P., Pelletier, S., 2006, The Personality Organization Diagnostic Form (PODF) : Manual for Scoring, manuscrit non publié, Université Laval, Québec.
- Diguer, L., Laverdière, O., Gamache, D., Hébert, É., 2005, Specificity of transference dyads among personality organizations, in Clarkin, J. F., (modérateur), Recent Studies on Personality Organization : Transference, Self and Object Representations, Treatment Completion, and Normalcy, Symposium présenté au congrès de la Society for Psychotherapy Research, Montréal.
- Diguer, L., Laverdière, O., Gamache, D., Hébert, É., en préparation, Object Relations Among Personality Organizations.
- Diguer, L., Lefebvre, R., Drapeau, M., Luborsky, L., Rousseau, J.-P., Hébert, É., 2001, The CCRT of psychotic, borderline and neurotic personality organizations, Psychotherapy Research, 11, 159-183.
- Diguer, L., Morissette, É., Normandin, L., 1997, L’évaluation des relations d’objet, Psychothérapies, 17, 59-65.
- Diguer, L., Normandin, L., Hébert, É., 2001, The Personality Organization Diagnostic Form, 2nd version (PODF), Manuscrit non publié, Université Laval, Québec.
- Diguer, L., Pelletier, S., Rousseau, J.-P., Descôteaux, J., Hébert, É., Daoust, J.-P., 2004, Personality organizations and self and object representations, and psychiatric severity, Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21, 259-275.
- First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Benjamin, L. S., 1997, User’s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II), Washington, American Psychiatric Press Inc.
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. B. W., 1997, User’s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Washington, American Psychiatric Press Inc.
- Fonagy, P., 1995, Playing with reality : The development of psychic reality and its malfunction in borderline patients, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76, 39-44.
- Fonagy, P., 1999, Memory and therapeutic action, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80, 215-223.
- Fonagy, P., Target, M., 1996, Playing with reality : I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 217-223.
- Friedman, S. M., Gelso, C. J., 2000, The development of the inventory of countertransference behaviour, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1221-1235.
- Gabbard, G. O., 2005, Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 4e éd., Washington, American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Gamache, D., Laverdière, O., Diguer, L., Hébert, É., 2004, Object Relations Rating Scale (ORRS) Manual for Scoring, Manuscrit non publié, Université Laval, Québec.
- Gamache, D., Laverdière, O., Diguer, L., Hébert, É., Larochelle, S., Descôteaux, J., 2007, The Personality Organisations Diagnostic Form : Psychometric Properties of a Revised Version.
- Gelso, C.J., Fassinger, R.E., Gomez, M. J., Latts, M. G., 1995, Countertransference reactions to lesbian clients : The role of homophobia, counselor gender, and countertransference management, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 356-364.
- Gelso, C. J., Hill, C. E., Kivlighan, D. M., 1991, Transference, insight, and the counselor’s intentions during a counseling hour, Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 428-433.
- Gelso, C. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Wine, B., Jones, A., 1997, Transference, insight, and the course of time-limited therapy, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 209-217.
- Graff, H., Luborsky, L., 1977, Long-term trends in transference and resistance : A report on a quantitative-analytic method applied to four psychoanalyses, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 25, 471-490.
- Gunderson, J. G., Singer, M. T., 1975, Defining borderline patients : An overview, American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1-10.
- Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Van Wagoner, S. L., Diemer, R. A., 1991, Managing countertransference : What the experts think, Psychological Reports, 69, 139-148.
- Hébert, É., Diguer, L., Descôteaux, J., Daoust, J.-P., Rousseau, J.-P., Normandin, L., 2003, The Personality Organization Diagnostic Form (PODF) : A preliminary report on its validity and its interrater reliability, Psychotherapy Research, 13, 243-254.
- Hébert, É., Diguer, L., Gamache, D., Daoust, J.-P., 2005, Personality organization and sport psychology, in Clarkin, J.F. (modérateur), Recent Studies on Personality Organization : Transference, Self and Object Representations, Treatment Completion, and Normalcy, Symposium présenté au congrès de la Society for Psychotherapy Research, Montréal.
- Hilsenroth, M. J., Segal, D. L., Hersen, M., 2004, Projective assessment of object relations, in Hersen, M., ed., Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Wiley, New York, 449-465.
- Hilsenroth, M. J., Stein, M., Pinsker, J., 2004, Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale : Global Method (SCORS-G), Manuscrit non publié, Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY.
- Huprich, S. K., Greenberg, R. P., 2003, Advances in the assessment of object relations in the 1990s, Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 665-698.
- Kernberg, O. F., 1975, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism, Jason Aronson, New York.
- Kernberg, O. F., 1980, Internal World and External Reality : Object Relations Theory Applied, Jason Aronson, New York.
- Kernberg, O. F., 1992, New perspectives on drive theory, in Kernberg, O.F., éd., Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 3-20.
- Knight, R., 1953, Borderline States, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 17, 1-12.
- Larochelle, S., Diguer, L., Gamache, D., Laverdière, O., 2005, Role of personality organization and narcissism pathology in the prediction of treatment non-completion among child molesters, in Clarkin, J. F. (modérateur), Recent Studies on Personality Organization : Transference, Sself and Object Representations, Treatment Completion, and Normalcy, Symposium présenté au congrès de la Society for Psychotherapy Research, Montréal.
- Laverdière, O., Gamache, D., Diguer, L., Hébert, É., Larochelle, S., Descôteaux, J., sous presse, Personality organization, Five-Factor model, and mental health, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.
- Ligiéro, D. P., Gelso, C. J., 2002, Countertransference, attachment, and the working alliance : The therapist’s contribution, Psychotherapy : Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39, 3-11.
- Luborsky, L., Graff, H., Pulver, S., Curtis, H., 1973, A clinical-quantitative examination of consensus on the concept of transference, Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 69-75.
- Luborsky, L., 1998, A guide to the CCRT method, in Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., éds., Understanding Transference : The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method (2e éd.), Washington DC, American Psychological Association, 15-42.
- Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., Bergman, A., 1975, The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant : Symbiosis and Individuation, London, Hutchison.
- Masterson, J. F., Rinsley, D., 1975, The borderline syndrome : The role of the mother in the genesis and psychic structure of borderline personality, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 56, 163-177.
- Mohr, J. J., Gelso, C. J., Hill, C. E., 2005, Client and counselor trainee attachment as predictors of session evaluation and countertransference behavior in first counseling sessions, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 298-309.
- Multon, K. D., Patton, M. J., Kivlighan, D. M. Jr., 1996, Development of the Missouri Identifying Transference Scale, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 243-252.
- Normandinm L., Bouchard, M.-A., The effects of theoretical orientation and experience on rational, reactive, and reflective countertransference, Psychotherapy Research, 3, 77-94.
- OPD Task Force, 2001, Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD) – Foundations and Practical Handbook, Hogrefe and Huber, Toronto.
- OPD Task Force, 2006, Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM), Silver Spring, MD, Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations.
- Patton, M. J., Kivlighan, D. M. Jr., Multon, K. D., 1997, The Missouri Psychoanalytic Counseling Research Project : Relation of changes in counseling process to client outcomes, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 189-208.
- Peters, E. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Eudell-Simmons, E. M., Blagys, M. D., Handler, L., 2006, Reliability and validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in clinical use, Psychotherapy Research, 16, 606-614.
- Target, M., Fonagy, P., 1996, Playing with reality : II. The development of psychic reality from a theoretical perspective, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 459-479.
- Tramantano, G., Javier, R., Colon, M., 2003, Discriminating subgroups of borderline personality disorder : An assessment of object representations, The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 63, 149-175.
- Van Wagoner, S. L., Gelso, C. J., Hayes, J. A., Diemer, R. A., 1991, Countertransference and the reputedly excellent therapist, Psychotherapy : Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28, 411-421.
- Westen, D., 1995, Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale : Q-sort for Projective Stories, Manuscrit non publié, Harvard University Medical School.
- Westen, D., 2000, Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ) Manual, Disponible à http://www.psychosystems.net/lab
- Woodhouse, S. S., Schlosser, L. Z., Crook, R. E., Ligiéro, D. P., Gelso, C. J., 2003, Client attachment to therapist : Relations to transference and client recollections of parental caregiving, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 395-408.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., Weishaar, M. E., 2003, Schema Therapy : A Practitioner’s Guide, Guilford Press, New York.