Résumés
Abstract
Finland has struggled to formulate and implement policies for the national grey wolf (Canis lupus) population. Institutional adjustments were undertaken to improve wolf protection and human–wolf coexistence, but the wolf population has decreased. This calls for an explanation. I will apply Charles S. Peirce’s concept of habits and his semiotic theory to understand why it so difficult to design and implement a workable wolf policy. I intertwine Peircean methodology with the ontology provided by ecological economics and the analytic epistemic tools by old (traditional) institutional economics. Institutions exist to serve human purposes, and the modification of institutional infrastructure affects how social-ecological functions can still bring absent features of policy and management into existence. I therefore explicate the semiotic interplay of policy signs, objects, and interpretants in wolf management adjustments and consequent outcomes. Finally, the difficulty of habit formation for coexistence will be discussed and policy advice given.
Keywords:
- Wolf (Canis lupus),
- Protection,
- Coexistence,
- Institutions,
- Policy,
- Pragmatism
Résumé
La Finlande a eu du mal à formuler et à mettre en oeuvre des politiques concernant la population nationale de loups gris (Canis lupus). Des ajustements institutionnels ont été entrepris pour améliorer leur protection de même que la coexistence humain-loup. Malgré ces efforts, la population de loups a diminué. Cela appelle une explication. J’appliquerai le concept d’habitudes de Charles S. Peirce et sa théorie sémiotique pour comprendre pourquoi il est si difficile de concevoir et de mettre en oeuvre une politique viable concernant les loups. J’entremêle la méthodologie peircienne à l’ontologie fournie par l’économie écologique et les outils épistémiques analytiques de l’économie institutionnelle ancienne (traditionnelle). Les institutions existent pour servir des objectifs humains, et la modification de l’infrastructure institutionnelle affecte la façon dont les fonctions socio-écologiques peuvent encore faire exister des caractéristiques absentes de la politique et de la gestion. J’explique donc l’interaction sémiotique des signes politiques, des objets et des interprétants dans les ajustements de la gestion des loups et les résultats qui en découlent. Enfin, la difficulté de la formation d’habitudes pour la coexistence sera discutée et des conseils politiques seront donnés.
Mots-clés :
- Loup (Canis lupus),
- protection,
- coexistence,
- institutions,
- politique,
- pragmatisme
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- AITKIN, A. (2016) Peirce. London : Routledge.
- AMIR, S. (1994) “The Role of Thermodynamics in the Study of Economic and Ecological Systems”. In Ecological Economics (10) : 125-142.
- BAUMGÄRTNER, S. (2004) “Thermodynamic Models”. In Modeling in Ecological Economics, J. Proops and P. Safonov (Eds.), Cheltenham : Edward Elgar : 102–129.
- BECK, U. (2016) The Metamorphosis of the World : How Climate Change is Transforming Our Concept of the World. Cambridge : Polity.
- BERGMAN, M. (2009) Peirce’s Philosophy of Communication. London : Continuum.
- BISI, J., and KURKI, S. (2010) The Wolf Debate in Finland. Helsinki : University of Helsinki.
- BISI, J., KURKI, S., SVENSBERG, M., and LIUKKONEN, T. (2007) “Human Dimensions on Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflicts in Finland”. In European Journal of Wildlife Research (53)4 : 304–314.
- BOWLES, S. (2004) Microeconomics : Behaviour, Institutions and Evolutions. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
- BROMLEY, D. W. (2006) Sufficient Reason : Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
- COMMONS, J. R. (1950) The Economics of Collective Action. New York, NY : MacMillan.
- COMMONS, J. R. (1931) Institutional Economics. The American Economic Review : 648-657
- COMMONS, J. R. (1990 [1934]) Institutional Economics : Its Place in Political Economy. London : Transaction.
- COMMONS, J. R. (1995 [1924]) Legal Foundations of Capitalism. London : Transaction.
- CONNOLLY, W. E. (2011) A World of Becoming. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
- CONNOLLY, W. E. (2013) The Fragility of Things : Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Democratic Activism. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
- DE WAAL, C. (2013) Peirce : A Guide for the Perplexed. London : Bloomsbury.
- DEACON, T. W. (2012) Incomplete Nature : How Mind Emerged from Matter. New York, NY : Norton.
- DENNETT, D. C. (2017) From Bacteria to Bach and Back : The Evolution of Minds. New York, NY : Norton.
- DEWEY, J. (2008) Human Nature and Conduct. The Middle Works of John Dewey, Volume 14 : 1899–1924. Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press.
- DYKE, C. (1988) The Evolutionary Dynamics of Complex Systems : A Study in Biosocial Complexity. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- ECJ (European Court of Justice) (2007) “Judgment of 14. 6. 2007 — Case C-342/05”. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62005CJ0342&from=FI (accessed October 2020)
- ECJ (European Court of Justice) (2019) “Judgment of 10 October 2019 — Case C-674/17”. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=218935&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=1995082 FI (accessed October 2020).
- EPSTEIN, Y., and KANTINKOSKI, S. (2020) “Non-Governmental Enforcement of EU Environmental Law : A Stakeholder Action for Wolf Protection in Finland”. In Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (8) : 101.
- Finnish Government (2020). Suden kannanhoidolliseen metsästyksen selvitykseen työryhmät. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410837/suden-kannanhoidollisen-metsastyksen-selvitykseen-tyoryhmat (accessed June 2020).
- FLORIDI, L. (2010) Information : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- FUNG, A. (2003) “Survey Article : Recipes for Public Spheres – Eight Institutional Design Choices and their Consequences”. In Journal of Political Philosophy (11)3 : 338–367.
- GIBSON, J. J. (1979) The Perception of the Visual World. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.
- GOWDY, J. (1994) Coevolutionary Economics : The Economy, Society, and the Environment. London : Kluwer.
- GOWDY, J, and ERICKSON, J. D. (2005) “The Approach of Ecological Economics”. In Cambridge Journal of Economics (29)2 : 207–222.
- GREIF, A. (2006) Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy : Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- HABITATS DIRECTIVE (92/43/EEC) “Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora”. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31992L0043 (accessed October 2020).
- HERRMANN-PILLATH, C. (2013) Foundations of Economic Evolution : A Treatise on the Natural Philosophy of Economics. London : Edward Elgar.
- HERRMANN-PILLATH, C. (2015) “Energy, Growth and Evolution : Towards a Naturalistic Ontology of Economics”. In Ecological Economics (119) : 432–442, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.014 (accessed October 2020).
- HIEDANPÄÄ, J. (2013) “Institutional Misfits : Law and Habits in Finnish Wolf Policy”. In Ecology & Society (18)1.
- HIEDANPÄÄ, J., and BROMLEY, D. W. (2011) “The Harmonization Game : Reasons and Rules in European Biodiversity Policy”. In Environmental Policy and Governance (21) : 99–111.
- HIEDANPÄÄ, J., and BROMLEY, D. W. (2016) Environmental Heresies : The Quest for Reasonable. London : Palgrave Macmillan.
- HIEDANPÄÄ, J., KALLIOLEVO, H., SALO, M., PELLIKKA, J., and LUOMA, M. (2016) “Payments for Improved Ecostructure (PIE) : Funding for the Coexistence of Humans and Wolves in Finland”. In Environmental Management (58)3 : 518–533.
- HODGSON, G.M. “John R. Commons and the Foundations of Institutional Economics”. In Journal of Economic Issues (37)3 : 547–576.
- KAUFFMAN, S. (2016) Humanity in a Creative Universe. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- LISZKA, J. (1990) “Peirce’s Interpretant”. In Transactions of Charles S. Peirce Society (26) : 17–62.
- LISZKA, J. (1996) A General Introduction to the Semeiotic of Charles S. Peirce. Bloomington IN : Indiana University Press.
- MACFARLANE, R. (2013) The Old Ways : A Journey on Foot. London : Penguin.
- MACGILVRAY, E. (2014) “Democratic Doubts : Pragmatism and Epistemic Defense of Democracy”. In Journal of Political Philosophy (22) : 104-123.
- MARÉCHAL, K. (2010). “Not Irrational but Habitual : The Importance of ‘Behavioural Lock-in’ in Energy Consumption”. In Ecological Economics (69)5 : 1104-1114.
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (2005) Management Plan for the Wolf Population in Finland. Helsinki : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/634989764653405538_Finnish%20wolf%20plan%20E.pdf (accessed October 2020).
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (2015) Management Plan for the Wolf Population in Finland. Helsinki : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/161867/MMM_2019_26.pdf (accessed October 2020).
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (2016) Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetus poikkeusluvalla sallittavasta suden metsästyksestä poronhoitoalueen ulkopuolella metsästysvuonna 2016-2018. Helsinki : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (2019) Management Plan for the Wolf Population in Finland. Helsinki : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/161867/MMM_2019_26.pdf (accessed, October 2020).
- MIROWSKI, P. (1987) “The Philosophical Bases of Institutionalist Economics”. In Journal of Economic Issues (21) : 1001-1038.
- NORGAARD, R. (1994) Development Betrayed : The End of Progress and Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future. London : Routledge.
- NORTH, D. C. (2005) Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
- PAAVOLA, J., and ADGER, N. W. (2005) “Institutional Ecological Economics”. In Ecological Economics (53)3 : 353-368.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1934) Collected Papers of Charles S. Peirce, 8 vols., C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss (vols. 1-6) and A. Burks (vols. 7-8) (Eds.), Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
- PELLIKKA, J., and HIEDANPÄÄ, J. “Kansalaisten susisuhde”. In Luonnonvara- ja biotalouden tutkimus 56/2020.
- RAMSTAD, Y. (1986) “A Pragmatist’s Quest for Holistic Knowledge : The Scientific Methodology of John R. Commons”. In Journal of Economic Issues (20)4 : 1067-1105.
- RANSDELL, J., 1977. “Some Leading Ideas in Peirce’s Semiotic”. In Semiotica (19) : 157-178.
- REMIG, M. C. (2017) “Structured Pluralism in Ecological Economics — A Reply to Peter Söderbaum’s Commentary”. In Ecological Economics (131) : 533-537.
- RUTHERFORD, M. (1996) Institutions in Economics : The Old and the New Institutionalism. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- SALO, M., HIEDANPÄÄ, J., LUOMA, M., and PELLIKKA, J. (2017) “Nudging the Impasse? Lessons from the Nationwide Online Wolf Management Forum in Finland”. In Society & Natural Resources (30)9 : 1141-1157.
- SAVAN, D. (1988) An Introduction to C.S. Peirce’s Full System of Semeiotic. Toronto : Toronto Semiotic Circle.
- SHERMAN, J. (2017) Neither Ghost nor Machine : The Emergence and Nature of Selves. New York, NY : Columbia University Press.
- SHORT, T.L. (2007) Peirce’s Theory of Signs. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- SPASH, C.L. (2012) “New Foundations for Ecological Economics”. In Ecological Economics (77) : 36–47.
- SÖDERBAUM, P. (1987) “Environmental Management : A Non-Traditional Approach”. In Journal of Economic Issues (21)1 : 139-165.
- SÖDERBAUM, P., and BROWN, J. (2010) “Democratizing Economics : Pluralism as a Path Toward Sustainability”. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1185)1 : 179-195.
- SPINKS, C. W. (1991) Peirce and Triadomania : A Walk in the Semiotic Wilderness. Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter.
- SUUTARINEN, J., and KOJOLA, I. (2017) “Poaching Regulates the Legally Hunted Wolf Population in Finland”. In Biological Conservation (215) : 11–18.
- VATN, A. (2005) Institutions and the Environment. London : Edward Elgar Publishing.
- VATN, A. (2015) Environmental Governance : Institutions, Policies and Actions. London : Edward Elgar.
- WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York, NY : Free Press.
- WITTGENSTEIN, L. (2009) Philosophical Investigations. Oxford : Wiley.