Résumés
Abstract
This paper analyses the semiotic features and errors of logic at work in racial profiling and racial reckoning. Anthropologists have long researched the concept of human “race”, including biological, linguistic, archaeological, and cultural approaches to this topic, and anthropologists now largely agree that “race” is principally a cultural concept, not a biological one. Yet practices of race involve inferences about physical attributes including human phenotype. While much attention has been given to understanding how race operates as a discursive form through which power is exercised, less analysis has been done on the “logic” of racial reckoning, and more generally, on the semiosis of race. What semiotic forms and ideologies are at work in racial practices? How do semiotic ideologies of race reproduce cultural distinctions and hierarchies? In short, how does race work semiotically and what can a semiotic analysis of race reveal? This paper examines a particular social practice – racial profiling – and the roles of iconicity and retroduction in it. I argue that iconicity is central to practices of race and that iconicity contributes to erroneous conditional probabilities and the retroductive reasoning that mistakenly serve to justify racial profiling.
Résumé
Cet article analyse les caractéristiques sémiotiques ainsi que les erreurs de logique qui sont à l’oeuvre dans le profilage et la reconnaissance raciaux. Les anthropologues travaillent depuis longtemps sur le concept de ‘race’ humaine, sur le plan biologique, linguistique, archéologique et culturel, à tel point qu’aujourd’hui il y a un consensus entre eux sur le fait qu’il s’agit principalement d’un concept dont la source est culturelle et non pas biologique. Et pourtant, les pratiques sociales qui utilisent le concept de race sont souvent basées sur la reconnaissance de traits physiques et mettent en jeu le phénotype humain. Si l’on s’est beaucoup intéressé à l’idée de race en tant que forme discursive à travers laquelle s’exerce un pouvoir, il existe peu d’études qui prennent pour objet la logique de la reconnaissance raciale ou, de façon plus générale, la sémiosis raciale. Quelles formes et idéologies sémiotiques sont à l’oeuvre dans les pratiques de la race? Comment les idéologies sémiotiques liées à la race reproduisent-elles les distinctions culturelles et les hiérarchies sociales? Autrement dit, comment fonctionne la notion de race d’un point de vue sémiotique et que peut révéler une analyse sémiotique du concept? Cet article examine une pratique sociale particulière, le profilage racial, en faisant appel aux conceptions peircéennes de l’iconicité et de la rétroduction. J’avance que l’iconicité est au coeur des pratiques raciales et qu’elle contribue à des erreurs logiques et au raisonnement rétroductif qui sert, à tort, à justifier le profilage racial.
Parties annexes
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