Résumés
Abstract
Many studies assume that dance develops as a bearer of tradition through iconic continuity (Downey 2005; Hahn 2007; Meduri 1996, 2004; Srinivasan 2007, 2011, Zarrilli 2000). In some such studies, lapses in Iconic continuity are highlighted to demonstrate how “tradition” is “constructed”, lacking substantive historical character or continuity (Meduri 1996; Srinivasan 2007, 2012). In the case of Mohiniyattam – a classical dance of Kerala, India – understanding the form’s tradition as built on Iconic transfers of semiotic content does not account for the overarching trajectory of the forms’ history. Iconic replication of the form as it passed from teacher to student was largely absent in its recreation in the early 20th century. Simply, there were very few dancers available to teach the older practice to new dancers in the 1960s. And yet, Mohiniyattam dance is certainly considered to be a “traditional” style to its practitioners. Throughout this paper I argue that the use of Peircean categories to understand the semiotic processes of Mohiniyattam’s reinvention in the 20th century allows us to reconsider tradition as a matter of Iconic continuity. In particular, an examination of transfers of repertoire in the early 20th century demonstrates that the “traditional” and “authentic” character of this dance style resides in semeiotic processes beyond Iconic reiteration; specifically, the “traditional” character of Mohiniyattam is Indexical and Symbolic in nature.
Résumé
Il existe de nombreuses études qui tendent à démontrer que l’apprentissage de la danse procède par le truchement d’une continuité iconique qui en assure l’authenticité culturelle (Downey 2005; Hahn 2007; Meduri 1996, 2004; Srinivasan 2007, 2011, Zarrilli 2000). Pour les auteurs de ces études, tout manquement ou interruption dans cette continuité est le signe qu’une tradition est “construite” au sens où elle aurait perdu toute authenticité historique (Meduri 1996; Srinivasan 2007, 2012). En ce qui concerne le Mohiniyattam – une dance classique de la région du Kérala en Inde – force est de reconnaître que la transmission par voie iconique ne permet pas d’en saisir l’histoire et les différentes formes. La duplication iconique qu’assure normalement le rapport maître-élève dans la transmission intergénérationnelle de la tradition a été, en effet, interrompue au tournant du XXe siècle. Par conséquent, et ce, dès les années 1960, il n’y avait pour ainsi dire plus de danseurs capables de transmettre cette forme de danse. Or le Mohiniyattam est aujourd’hui encore considéré comme une danse “traditionnelle” par ceux qui le pratique et l’enseigne. Dans cet article, je soutiens que l’usage des catégories peircéennes pour concevoir la ré-invention du Mohiniyattam au XXe siècle permet de réviser l’idée que la tradition repose nécessairement sur une continuité de nature iconique. L’examen de la transmission du répertoire Mohiniyattam montre plutôt que son caractère “traditionnel” et “authentique” repose sur des processus sémiotiques qui vont au-delà de la réitération iconique et nécessitent la prise en compte de processus indexicaux et symboliques.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- ALEXANDER, K. C. (1968) Social mobility in Kerala. Poona : Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
- AMMA, KALIYANIKUTTY, K. (1992) Mohinyiattam-Charitravum Aattaprakaravum (Mohiniyattam- History and Acting/Dancing Manual). Kottayam : D.C. Books.
- ARUNIMA, G. (2003) There Comes Papa : Colonialism and the Transformation of Matriliny In Kerala, Malabar, c.1850-1940. New Delhi : Orient Longman.
- AYYAPAN, S. K. (1952) “Response of Sahodharan K. Ayyapan to Social Issues”. InBiography of Sahodharan K. Ayyapa. M.K. Sanoo (Ed.), Kottayam, Kerala : D.C. Books
- BHALLA, D. O. (2001) Keralathile Lasyarachanakal. Kottayam : D.C. Books.
- BHALLA, D. O. (2006) Vanishing Temple Arts : Temples of Kerala & Kanyaakumaari District. Gurgaon : Shubhi Publications.
- BHARATI, S., and PASRICHA, A. (1986) The Art of Mohiniyattam. New Delhi : Lancer International.
- CHAKRABORTHY, K. (2000) Women as Devadasis : Origin and Growth of the Devadasi Profession. New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications.
- CHANDU MENON, O. (2005 [1889]) Indulekha. A. Devasia (trans.), New Delhi; New York : Oxford University Press.
- COORLAWALA, U. (1992) “Ruth St. Denis and India’s Dance Renaissance”. In Dance Chronicle – Studies in Dance and the Related Arts (15) 2 : 123-152.
- DANIEL, E. V. (1984) Fluid Signs : Being a Person the Tamil Way. Berkeley : University of California Press.
- DAUGHERTY, D. (1966) “The Nangyar : Female Ritual Specialist of Kerala”. In Asian Theatre Journal (13) 1 : 54-67.
- DEVIKA, J. (2002) “Imagining Women’s Social Space in Early Modern Keralam”. In Center for Development Studies. Working Paper Series no. 329 : Center for Development Studies : Thiruvananthapuram.
- DEVIKA, J. (2005a) Her-Self : Early Writings on Gender by Malayalee Women, 1898-1938. Kolkata : Stree.
- DEVIKA, J. (2005b) “The Aesthetic Woman : Re-forming Female Bodies and Minds in Early Twentieth-Century Keralam”. In Modern Asian Studies (39) 2 : 461-487.
- DEVIKA, J. (2007) En-Gendering Individuals : The Language of Re-forming in Early Twentieth Century Keralam. Hyderabad : Orient Longman.
- DIWAN, P. (1994) Women and Legal Protection : Indecent Representation of Women, Equal Remuneration, Sati, Devadasi System. New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications.
- DOWNEY, G. (2005) Learning Capoeira : Lessons in Cunning from an Afro-Brazilian Art. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- DUMONT, L. (1983) “Nayar Marriages as Indian Facts”. InAffinity as Value. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- FAWCETT, F. (1915) Nâyars of Malabar : Anthropology. Madras : Printed by the Superintendent Government Press.
- FAWCETT, F. (1985) Nayars of Malabar. New Delhi : Asian Educational Services.
- FAWCETT, F., EVENTS, F., and THURSTON, E. (2001) Nambutiris : Notes on Some of the People of Malabar. New Delhi : Asian Educational Services.
- FRANKE, R., and CHASIN, B. (1994) Kerala : Development Through Radical Reform. New Delhi : Promilla & Co.
- FULLER, C. J. (1974) Nayars and Christians in Travancore. Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge.
- FULLER, C. J. (1976) The Nayars Today. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- GOTTSCHILD, B. D. (1996) Digging the Africanist Presence in American Performance : Dance and Other Contexts. Westport, CT. : Greenwood Press.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1952) “Incest Prohibitions and the Rules of Exogamy in Three Matrilineal Groups of The Malabar Coast”. In International Archives of Ethnography (46) : 81-105.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1952a) “Changing Kinship Usages in the Setting of Political and Economic Change Among the Nayars of Malabar”. In Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (82) 1 : 72-88.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1955) “Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast”. In Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (85) : 45-80.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1959) “The Nayars and The Definition of Marriage”. In Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (89) : 23-34.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1961) “Nayar : Central Kerala. Nayar : North Kerala”. InMatrilineal Kinship. D.M. Schneider and E.K. Gough (Eds.), Berkeley : University of California Press : 298-404.
- GOUGH, E. K. (1963)
- GOPALAKRISHNAN, K. K. (2014) “She Shaped the Art!” In The Hindu Newspaper, January 31.
- HAHN, T. (2007) Sensational Knowledge : Embodying Culture Through Japanese Dance. Middletown, CT. : Wesleyan University Press.
- IYER, A. K. (1969 [1912]) The Cochin Tribes and Castes Published for the Government of Cochin by Higginbotham, 1909-12. New York : Johnson Reprint Corp.
- JEFFREY, R. (1976) The Decline of Nayar Dominance : Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908. New York : Holmes and Meier.
- JEFFREY, R. (1993) Politics, Women and Well Being : How Kerala Became a “Model”. Delhi : Oxford University Press.
- JONES, B. T. (1973) “Mohiniyattam : A Dance Tradition of Kerala, South India”. In Dance Research Monograph One. P. A. Rowe and E. Stodelle (Eds.), New York on Research in Dance, , New York University : 9-47.
- KERSENBOOM, S. C. (1987) Nityasumangali : Devadasi Tradition in South India. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass.
- KODOTH, P. (2001) “Courting Legitimacy or Deligitimizing Custom? Sexuality, Sambandham, and Marriage Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Malabar”. In Modern Asian Studies (35) 3 : 349-384.
- KRISHNA IYER, L. A. (1968) Social History of Kerala. Madras : Book Centre Publications.
- KIZHAKKEMADATHIL, G., and PUSHPA, B. (1992) Folios of History. Trivandrum State Archives.
- LAKSHMI, R. (1995) At the Turn of The Tide : The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, The Last Queen of Travancore. Bangalore : Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial Charitable Trust.
- LEACH, E. R. (1955) “Polyandry, Inheritance and The Definition of Marriage”. In Man (55) : 182-186.
- LEWIS, J. L. (1992) Ring of Liberation : Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- LISZKA, J. J. (1996) A General Introduction to The Semiotic of Charles Sanders Peirce. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
- MADHAVAN PILLAI, P. (1981) Malayalam-English-Hindi Dictionary. Changanacherry, Kerala : Assissi Printing and Publishing House.
- MADRAS MALABAR COMMISSION. (1891) Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, With Enclosures and Appendices. Madras : Printed at the Lawrence Asylum Press.
- MANMADHAN NAIR, V. (2004) Padmanabhapuram Palace. Thiruvananthapuram : Dept. of Archaeology.
- MARGLIN, F. A. (1985) Wives of The God-King : The Rituals of the Devadasis of Puri. New York : Oxford University Press.
- MARGLIN, F. A. (1990) “Refining the Body : Transformations of Emotion in Ritual Dance”. InDivine Passions : The Social Construction of Emotion in India. O. Lynch (Ed.), Berkeley : University of California Press : 212-236.
- MATEER, S. (1871) The Land of Charity : A Descriptive Account of Travancore and Its People, with Especial Reference to Missionary Labour. London : J. Snow & Co.
- MATEER, S. (1883) Native Life in Travancore. London : W.H. Allen & Co.
- MAYA, C., and MAHADEVAN, G. (2005) “Reporter’s Diary”. In The Hindu. Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram), Kerala.
- MEDURI, A. (1996) “Nation, Woman, Representation : The Sutured History of The Devadasi and Her Dance”. Ph.D. diss., New York University.
- MEDURI, A. (2001)“Bharata Natyam – What Are You?” InMoving History/Dancing Cultures. A.D. and A.C. Albright (Eds.), Durham : Wesleyan University Press : 103-143.
- MEDURI, A., and J. SPEAR. (2004) “Knowing the Dancer : East Meets West”. In Victorian Literature and Culture (1060) 1503 : 435-448.
- MENON, K. GOVINDA. (1895) “Mohiniyattam”. In Vidyavinodini. Malayalam year 1070, Medam. C.P. Achuta Menon (Ed.), V.Kaladharan (trans.), on 20/02/2006.
- MOORE, M. A. (1985) “A New Look at The Nayar Tarawad”. In Man (20) : 523-541.
- MOORE, M. A. (1988) “Symbol and Meaning in Nayar Marriage Ritual”. In American Ethnologist (15) 2 : 254-273.
- MUKHOPADHYAY, S. (Ed.). (2007) The Enigma of The Kerala Woman : A Failed Promise of Literacy. New Delhi : Social Science Press.
- MUSSATA, C. K. (1986) Mohiniyattom : A Classical Dance of Kerala. Trivandrum : Dept. of Public Relations, Govt. of Kerala.
- MUTHULAKSHMI, R. S. (1964) “Why Should the Devadasi Institution in The Hindu Temples Be Abolished?”. In Autobiography of Mrs. S. Muthulakshmi Reddy. Chintradipet, Madras : Printed at the Co-Operative Printing works 1930.
- NAGAM AIYA, V. (1906) The Travancore State Manual. Trivandrum : Travancore Government Press.
- NAIR, C. C. (1988 [1890]) Meenakshi. M. Thrissur : Kerala Sahitya Akademy.
- NAIR, J. (1996) Women and Law in Colonial India : A Social History. New Delhi : Kali for Women.
- NAIR, V. MANMADHAN (2004) Padmanabhapuram Palace. Thiruvananthapuram : Dept. of Archaeology.
- NAMBOODIRIPAD, L. (1990) “The Beginning of Mohiniyattam”. In Kerala Kalamandalam Charitram (History of Kerala Kalamandalam) : 41-43.
- NARAYANAN, M.G.S. (1972) Cultural symbiosis in Kerala. Trivandrum : Kerala Historical Society.
- NARAYANAN, M.G.S. (1973) Aspects of Aryanisation in Kerala. Trivandrum : Kerala Historical Society.
- NARAYANAN, M.G.S. (1978) “National Awakening and Vallathol”. InPoetry and National Awakening : Mahakavi Vallathol Birth Centenary Commemoration Souvenir. K.M.P. Variar (Ed.), Madras : Mahakavi Vallathol Birth Centenary Celebrations Committee.
- NARAYANAN, M.G.S., and KURUP, K.K.N. (1976) Historical Studies in Kerala. Calicut : Dept. of History, University of Calicut.
- NARAYANAN, M.G.S., and VELUTHAT, K. (1983) “A History of the Nambudiri Community in Kerala”. In Agni : The Vedic Ritual of The Fire Altar. Vol. 2. F.S. and P. MacFarland (Eds.), Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas : Asian Humanities Press : 262-263.
- NAYAR, M.K.K. (1992) Classical Arts of Kerala. Kottayan : Current Books.
- NEFF, D. (1995) Fertility and Power in Kerala Serpent Worship. Madison : University of Wisconsin.
- NESS, S. A. (1992) Body, Movement, and Culture : Kinesthetic and Visual Symbolism in a Philippine Community. Philadelphia, PA. : University of Pennsylvania Press.
- NESS, S. A. (1997) “Originality in The Postcolony : Choreographing the Neoethnic Body of Philippine Ballet”. In Cultural Anthropology (12) 1 : 64-108.
- NESS, S. A. (2004) “Being a Body in a Cultural Way : Understanding the Cultural in the Embodiment of Dance”. InCultural Bodies : Ethnography and Theory. H. Thomas and J. Ashmed (Eds.), Malden, MA. : Blackwell Pub : 123-144.
- NEVILE, P. (1996) Nautch Girls of India : Dancers, Singers, Playmates. Paris : Ravi Kumar Publishers.
- NEVILE, P. (2005) “The Splendours of Hira Mandi or Tibbi”. In City of Sin and Splendour : Writings on Lahore. New Delhi : Penguin Books.
- NOVACK, C. (1990) Sharing the Dance : Contact Improvisation and American Culture. Madison, WI . : University of Wisconsin Press.
- O’SHEA, J. (1998) “Traditional” Indian Dance and the Making of Interpretive Communities”. In Asian Theatre Journal (15) 1 : 45-63.
- O’SHEA, J. (2000) “Technique and Theory in the Work of Kapila Vatsyayan”. In Dance Research Journal (32) 1 : 82-86.
- O’SHEA, J. (2001) “At Home in the World : Bharata Natyam’s Transnational Traditions”. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Riverside.
- O’SHEA, J. (2007) At Home in the World : Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage. Middletown, CT. : Wesleyan University.
- ODDIE, G.A. (1979) Social Protest in India : British Protestant Missionaries and Social Reforms 1850-1900. New Delhi : Manohar.
- ORR, L. C. (2000) Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God : Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. New York : Oxford University Press.
- OSELLA, F. (1993) Caste, Class, Power and Social Mobility in Kerala,India. Ph.D. diss., London School of Economics and Political Sciences.
- PADMANABHA IYER, A. (1941) Modern Travancore : A Handbook of Information. Trivandrum : A.R.V. Press & the Sridhara Printing House.
- PADMANABHA MENON, K. P. (1982 [1924]) History of Kerala : A History of Kerala Written in The Form of Notes on Visscher’s Letters From Malabar. 4 vols. T.K. Krishna Menon (Ed.), New Delhi : Asian Educational Services.
- PADMANABHAN VIDWAN, S. (1940) President of the Cochin Saraswatha Association. Illustr. Rejoiner to Vallathol. InThe Mathrubhumi, December 4.
- PANDIT, L., and HOGAN, P.C. (Eds.). (1995) Literary India: Comparative Studies in Aesthetics, Colonialism and Culture. New York: SUNY Press.
- PANIKAR, N. (1992) Nangiar Koothu : The Classical Dance Theatre of The Nangiars. Natana Kairali.
- PANIKKAR, K. M. (1960) A History of Kerala, 1498-1801. Annamalainagar : Annamalai University.
- PANJRATH, S., and RALHAN, O. P. (2000) Devadasi System in India. Faridabad : Om Publications.
- PARKER, K. (1998) “A Corporation of Superior Prostitutes : Anglo-Indian Conceptions of Temple Dancing Girls, 1800-1914”. In Modern Asian Studies (48) 3 : 559-633.
- PARMENTIER, R. J. (1987) The Sacred Remains : Myth, History, and Polity in Belau. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1940) The Philosophy of Peirce : Selected Writings. Vol. 1. J. Buschler (Ed.), London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1950) The Philosophy of Peirce : Selected Writings. Vol. 2. J. Buschler (Ed.), New York : Harcourt Brace.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1931) Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Vols 1-6, ed. C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss, Cambridge. MA. : Harvard University Press. 1931-35, vols 7-8, ed. A Burks, Cambridge, MA. : Harvard University Press, 1958.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1958) Selected Writings (Values in A Universe of Chance). P. P. Wiener New York : Dover Publications.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1992) The Essential Peirce : Selected Philosophical Writings. Vol. 2 (1893-1913) [EP2]. Peirce Edition Project (Ed.), Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1977) Complete Published Works, Including Selected Secondary Materials. Microfiche edition. K.L. Ketner et als. (Eds.). Greenwich, CT. : Johnson Associates.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1963) The Charles S. Peirce Papers. The Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. (microfilms) : Harvard University Library Microreproduction Services.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1997) Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking : The 1903 Harvard Lectures on Pragmatism. P. Turrisi (Ed.), Albany, NY. : State University of New York Press.
- PEIRCE, C. S., and WELBY, V. (1953) Charles S. Peirce’sLetters to Lady Welby. E. C. Lieb (Ed.), New Haven : Published by Whitlock for the Graduate Philosophy Club of Yale University.
- PILLAI, C.K.K. (1953) The Suchidram Temple. Chennai : Kalakshetra Publications.
- PILLAI, V. R. PARAMESWARAN. (1986) Temple Culture of South India. New Delhi, India : Inter-India Publications.
- PUTHENKALAM, J. (1977) “Marriage and Family in Kerala”. In Journal of Comparative Family Studies Monograph : 136-138.
- RADHAKRISHNA, G., and MENON, R.K. (1997) Mohiniyattam : The Dance of The Enchantress. Mumbai : Mohiniatta Nritya Kalakshetra.
- RADHIKA, G. (2004) Mohiniyattam: The Lyrical Dance of Kerala. Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books.
- RADHUVANSHI, A., and PASRICHA, A. (2004) Dances of India. 7 vols. New Delhi : Wisdom Tree.
- RAJA, DR. R. P. (2006) New Light on Swati Thirunal. Trivandrum : Centre for Inter-Disciplinary Studies.
- RAMANCHANDRAM, P. P. (1979) “The Devadasis of Travancore”. In Journal of Kerala Studies (6) : 388-428.
- RAMANNAYAR, V. (1948) Devadasi. Trissur : Mangalodayam.
- RAMANUJAN, A. K., VELCHERU NARAYANA R., and SHULMAN, D. (1995)When God is a Customer : Telugu Courtesan Songs. Delhi, New York : Oxford University Press.
- RAO, M., RANGA, J. V., and RAGHAVENDER, R. (1970) The Prostitutes of Hyderabad : A Study of The Sociocultural Conditions of The Prostitutes of Hyderabad. Hyderabad : Association for Moral & Social Hygiene in India Andhra Pradesh Branch.
- RAO, V. (1990) “‘Thumri’ as Feminine Voice”. In Economic and Political Weekly (25) 17 : WS31-WS39.
- RELE, K. (1992) Mohiniyattam, The Lyrical Dance. Bombay : Nalanda Dance Research Centre.
- RENJINI, D. (2000) Nayar Women Today : Disintegration of Matrilineal System and The Status of Nayar Women in Kerala. New Delhi : Classical Pub. Co.
- RICHARD, F., DARIUS, P., SWANN, L., and ZARRILLI, P. B. (1990) Indian Theatre : Traditions of Performance. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press.
- ROBIN, R. (1967) Annotated Catalogue of The Papers of Charles S. Peirce. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press.
- SANJAYAN (possible pseudonym for NAIR, M.R.). (1940) “Nattinpuram (Rustic Plain)”. In Viswarupam (1) 5. : 150-152.
- SANKARANANARAYNAN, V. (1978) “The Concept of Womanhood in Vallathol’s Poems”. InPoetry and National Awakening : Mahakavi Vallathol Birth Centenary Commemoration Souvenir. K.M.P. Variar (Ed.), Madras (Chennai) : Mahakavi Vallathol Birth Centenary Celebrations Committee : 27-33.
- SARADAMONI, K. (1999) Matriliny Transformed : Family, Law, and Ideology in Twentieth Century Travancore. New Delhi Walnut Creek, CA : Sage; AltaMira Press.
- SHANKAR, J. (1990) Devadasi Cult : A Sociological Analysis. New Delhi : Ashish Pub. House.
- SHIVAJI, B. (1986) The Art of Mohiniyattam. New Delhi : Lancer International.
- SHIVAJI, B., and LAKSHMI, V. (2004) Mohiniyattam. New Delhi : Wisdom Tree.
- SHORT, T. L. (2007) C.S. Peirce’s Theory of Signs. Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press.
- SHUNGOONNY MENON, P. (1984 [1878]) A History of Travancore From the Earliest Times. Madras : Higginbotham.
- SKLAR, D. (2000) “Reprise : On Dance Ethnography”. In Dance Research Journal (32) 1 : 70-77.
- SKLAR, D. (2001) Dancing With The Virgin : Body and Faith in The Fiesta of Tortugas, New Mexico. Berkeley : University of California Press.
- SOMAN, P. (1994) “Charithramillatha Mohiniyattam” (Mohiniyattam Without History). In Bashaboshini Magazine (18) : 57-66.
- SOMAN, P. (2001) “Devadaasikalillatha Kerala Samskaram” (Kerala Culture without Devadasis). InDevadasikalum Sahityacharitravum (Devadasis and the History of Literature). P. Soman (Ed.), Trivandrum Prabhatam Printing & Publishing Company (P) Ltd. : 42-55.
- SOMAN, P. (2001a) Devadaasikalum Sahityacharitravum (Devasis and the History of Literature). Trivandrum : Prabhat Book House.
- SONEJI, D. (2004) “Living History, Performing Memory : Devadasi Women in Telugu-Speaking South India”. In Dance Research Journal (36) 2 : 30-49.
- SREEDHARA MENON, A. (1967) A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam : Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Sales Dept., National Book Stall.
- SRINIVASAN, A. (1984) Temple “Prostitution” and Community Reform an Examination of The Ethnographic, Historical and Textual Context of The Devadasi of Tamil Nadu, South India. Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University
- SRINIVASAN, A. (1985) “Reform and Revival : The Devadasi and Her Dance”. In Economic and Political Weekly (20) 44 : 1869-1876.
- SRINIVASAN, P. (2003) “Performing Indian Dance in America : Interrogating Modernity, Tradition, and The Myth of Cultural Purity”. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
- SRINIVASAN, P. (2007) “The Bodies Beneath The Smoke or What’s Behind The Cigarette Poster : Unearthing Kinesthetic Connections in American Dance History”. In Discourses In Dance (4) 1 : 7-48.
- SRINIVASAN, P. (2009) The Nautch Women Dancers of the 1880s : Corporeality, U.S. Orientalism, and Anti-Immigration Laws. Women and Performance : A Journal of Feminist Theory (19) 1 : 3-22.
- SRINIVASAN, P. (2012). Sweating Saris Indian Dance as Transnational Labor. Philadelphia, PA. : Temple University Press.
- STOLLER, P. (1995) Embodying Colonial Memories : Spirit Possession, Power and Hauka in West Africa. New York : Routledge.
- THURSTON, E., and RANGACHARI, K. (1909) Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Madras : Government Press .
- VALLATHOL, N. (1940). “Devadasi System – Vallathol’s View”. Speech published in The Mathrubhumi, November 30.
- VELUPILLAI, T. K. (1996) The Travancore State Manual. Thiruvananthapuram : Govt. of Kerala Kerala Gazetteers Dept.
- VENKATARAMAN, L., and PASRICHA, A. (2002) Indian Classical Dance : Tradition in Transition. New Delhi : Roli Books.
- VENU, G., and PANIKKAR, N. (1995) Mohiniyattam, The Lasya Dance : Acting Manual With Notations of Mudras and Postures. Kerala : Natana Kairali.
- VIJAISRI, P. (2004) Recasting The Devadasi : Patterns of Sacred Prostitution in Colonial South India. New Delhi : Kanishka Publishers Distributors.
- WALLIS, C. (2012). Tantra Illuminated. Petaluma, CA. : Mattamauyra Press.
- ZARRILLI, P. B. (1984) The Kathakali Complex : Actor, Performance and Structure. New Delhi : Abhinav.
- ZARRILLI, P. B. (1998) When the Body Becomes All Eyes : Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art. Delhi : Oxford University Press.
- ZARRILLI, P. B. (2000) Kathakali Dance-Drama : An Introduction. London, New York : Routledge.
- Things Given to Devadasi in the Olden Days and Things Given Now, Government of Cochin. B. 22. Unknown date. Government Document Handwritten in Devadasi File.
- (1935) Report by the Travancore Temple Entry Enquiry Committee. Travancore (India) : Temple Entry Committee. Kerala State Archive, Trivandrum.
- (1936 ) June 19. (M.E. IIII). Regulation XXVI : The Prevention of Dedication Regulation. Sign Manual Copies of Acts of the Year IIII, Cochin State. V. 25. S. 18. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1937) August 13. Atha Chamayam Procession at Cochin. In Maalayam Manorama. Kottayam.
- (1937) August 6. (M.E. 1112). Act LXXI : An Act for the Better Control of Public Dramatic Performances, Sign Manual Copies of Acts of the Year 1112. Cochin State. V. 28. S. 22 Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1939) (M.E. 1113). Institution of Devadasis in Cochin Thirumala Devaswom Abolished. Perquisites from the Temple Are Also Withheld. Government of Cochin. Huzar Secretariat. Government file R. Dis. 12396/1113. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1940) (M.E. 1114). Orders Reissued Restoring the Old Privileges of the Devadasis in the Cochin Thirumala Devasom. Government of Cochin. November 1st, 1940 (M.E. 16th, Thulam 1116). Huzur Secretariat Book : 44. C. No 190-16. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1940) (M.E. 1114). Sanction For The Grant of Perquisites for The Lifetime of The Devadasis. Government of Cochin. Huzur Secretariat. Government Proceedings R. Dis. 3411/15, 9th July 1940. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1940) September 2nd (M.E. 1116, 18 Chingom). Note for Orders of His Highness : Payment of Emoluments to Devadasis of the Cochin Thirumala Devaswom – Sanction For. D.S. Revenue Department. Huzur Secretariat Book : 10. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1940) November 1 (M.E. 1116, 16 Thulam). Note for Orders of His Highness : Devadasis Cochin Thirumala Devaswom Privileges – Restoration Of. R.D.D. Section, Vol. Huzur Secretariat Book 44. Government of Cochin.
- (1940) December 14. Previous Diwan’s Order. Huzur Secretariat Book : 22. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1940) December 4. Devadasi Sambradayam (system) and Mahakavi (great poet). Editorial column with unknown author.
- (1941) October 14th (M.E. 1117, 28 Kanni). Note for Orders of His Highness : Devadasis Cochin Thirumala Devasom – Prerequisites and privileges of – Complaints against. Joint Secretary to Government. D.S. Revenue Department. Book : 22 : The Government of Cochin, Huzur Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1941) October 17. Devadasis – Cochin Thirumala Devaswom. D.S. Revenue Department. Book: 22 : The Government of Cochin, Huzur Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1941) November 18 (M.E. 1117 3 Vrischigom). Note For Orders of His Highness : Devadasis – Dance During Utsavam – Thripunithra Temple. D.S. Revenue Department : Huzur Secretariat. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- (1941) February 20. Secretary’s Report. Emoluments Paid to Devadasis. Statistics on Thirumala Devadasis. Book 22 : Huzar Secretariat. Government of Cochin.
- (1941) (M.E. 1117). Devadasis Dance During Utsavom (Festival) - Trippunithra Temple D.S. Revenue Department : Huzur Secretariat. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- KRISHNA MENON, R. Ry. Devasom Commissioner (1941), December 31. Complaint of the Devadasis Concerning Privileges and Emoluments. K. Menon. Tripunittura. Huzur Secretariat. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- LAXMI, G. (1942 ) 29th January (M.E. 1117, 16th Makarom). Letter to His Highness Maharaja of Cochin. The Sarvadhikariyakkar. Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- MENON, A. (1941). Personal Letter Regarding Voluntary Nature of Devadasi Performances. Cochin. Huzur Secretariat Papers. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- RAMA MENON, A. V. R. Ry., Private Secretary in Charge. (1942), 31 January (M.E. 1117, 18 Makarom). Devadasis – Cochin Thirumala Devasom. Revenue Department. Book : 22 : Huzur Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- RAMA MENON, A. V. R. Ry., Private Secretary in Charge. (1941) (M.E. 1110). Devadasis – Cochin Thirumala Devaswom. T.S.t.H.H.t.M.o. Cochin (Ed.), Cochin : Huzur Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- RAMA MENON, A. V. R. Ry., Private Secretary in Charge. (1941) 26 October (M.E. 1117, 10 Thulam). Devadasis, Cochin Thirumala Devasom. R.D.D. : Huzar Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- PADMANABHA, S. (1942), January 1. Letter to T. Sarvadhikariakar. Calicut : Cochin Saraswath Association. Huzur Secretariat. Government of Cochin. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
- SIVADASAN, P. (2008) On Mankili and Chomayil. Notes from P. Sivadasan’s Interviews with Mankili and Chomayil, Elderly Mohiniyattam Dancers of Lakkidi, Now Deceased. Lakkidi, Palaghat.
- SKRINE, M. (1937-1938) D.O. Correspondence of Dewan of Cochin to Sir R.K. Shanumkham Chetty, Diwan of Cochin (Ed.), Trivandrum. Kerala State Archives, Ernakualm.
- AMMA, BHANUMATI APPUREDATH. Surviving relation (great niece) of several 19th century Mohiniyattam dancers. Korattikkarra, Kerala, August 5, 2008.
- AMMA, BHRAMANI. Kaikottikali Expert. Irinjalakuda, Kerala, March 29, 2008.
- AMMA, DEVAKI MULLATH. Relation of 19th century Mohiniyattam dancers. Kottikara, Kerala, May 8, 2008.
- JONES, CLIFFORD. Mohiniyattam research scholar from late 1950s onward. Lakeport, CA, Aril 1, 2013 and November 28, 2013.
- KALADHARAN, V. Keralite arts scholar. Multiple interviews 2003-2004; 2007-2008. Ongoing correspondence.
- KALAMANDALAM CHANDRIKA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Ernakulam, Kerala, May 15, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM HEYMALATA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur District, Kerala, March 14, 2008 and May 20, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM LEELAMA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, May 18, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM PREETHA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Vallathol Nagar, May , 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM SHYMAVATI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, April 13, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM SUGHUNDHI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, April 13, 2008.
- KRISHNA MENON, GOVINDA. Arts historian/scholar.Thrissur District, Kerala, March 22 and 25, 2008.
- MALLAYA, N. Purushothama. Konkani linguist and historian. Fort Cochin, Kerala, March 21, 2008.
- NAIR, MANKALI BALAKRISHNAN. Kathakali artist. Thrissur District, Kerala, May 20, 2008.
- NAMBIAR, P.K. NARAYANAN. Arts maestro. Killikurissimangalam, Lakkidi, Palakkad, September 20, 2007.
- NAMBUDIRI, MAHESWARA. Rural Ayurvedic Doctor. Waddakancherri, Thrissur, Kerala, March 14, 2008.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KANIPPAYYUR KRISHNAN. Architect and Vasthu specialist. Kunnamkulam, Kerala, December 19, 2007.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KANUR KRISHNAN. Arts scholar and musician. Thrissur, Kerala, March 14, 2008.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KILLAMANGALAM VASUDEVAN. Killamangalam, Kerala, September 20, 2007.
- NANDIPULAM, K.P. Kurathyattam Choreographer and performer. Palaghat District, Kerala, Interview on November 18, 2007.
- NARAYANA, M.G.S. Kerala, India. On-going personal communication and interviews with Lemos, via email and in Calicut district, Kerala, 2004-2008.
- RAJAN, SRI DEVI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Ernakulam, Kerala, June 18, 2008. Many informal conversations.
- RAM, KOTTAKAL SHIVA. Kathakali Artist. Thrissur, Kerala, May 6, 2008.
- SHIVA DAS, LAKKADI. Retired newspaper reporter. Lakkadi, Kerala, May 20, 2008.
- SUYNDHI. Mohiniyattam Dancer. Member of Konkani community. Ernakulam, Kerala. May 15, 2008.
- UNNIKRISHNAN, C.P. Arts scholar. Ernakulam, Kerala. Lectures at Nrithyashetra April 25 and 26, 2008.