Résumés
Résumé
Les toxines cyanobactériennes sont des contaminants importants des écosystèmes aquatiques et constituent un risque pour la santé humaine. Les cyanobactéries peuvent libérer des toxines dans l’eau, particulièrement lors de la lyse des cellules qui se produit souvent au moment de leur passage à travers la filière conventionnelle de potabilisation des eaux. Dans cet article de revue de la littérature, les normes sur la qualité de l’eau concernant les toxines ainsi que les principales méthodes de détection des toxines sont d’abord présentées. Les méthodes d’élimination des cyanobactéries et des cyanotoxines sont ensuite décrites et leur performance discutée. Les procédés conventionnels présentés sont la coagulation/floculation, la clarification, la filtration sur sable, l’utilisation du charbon actif ainsi que l’oxydation chimique par chloration ou par le permanganate de potassium. Les méthodes alternatives présentement en développement pour optimiser les systèmes actuels de potabilisation des eaux ou remplacer les technologies conventionnelles trop peu efficaces pour l’élimination des polluants émergents (par ex., les procédés d’oxydation avancée et la filtration membranaire) sont également présentées. Des procédés conventionnels tels que la chloration peuvent s’avérer inadéquats, notamment par leur manque de fiabilité pour l’oxydation des cyanotoxines et par le risque encouru suite à la formation de sous-produits toxiques (par ex., les organochlorés). Des méthodes alternatives telles que la combinaison d’ozone et de peroxyde d’hydrogène permettent une oxydation fiable des cyanotoxines en assurant un effet rémanent à la sortie du contacteur. Ce type de traitement peut être facilement mis en oeuvre dans les usines de potabilisation des eaux possédant déjà une unité d’ozonation. L’utilisation du charbon actif, notamment sous forme de poudre, peut être efficace lors de contaminations ponctuelles par les fleurs d’eau de cyanobactéries. Ce document fait ainsi une synthèse de ces procédés chimiques, physiques ou physico-chimiques contribuant à l’élimination des cyanotoxines et des cyanobactéries lors de la potabilisation des eaux.
Mots-clés :
- Cyanobactérie,
- cyanotoxine,
- microcystine,
- traitement de l’eau,
- potabilisation des eaux,
- eau potable,
- oxydation,
- filtration
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins are important contaminants of aquatic ecosystems and present a risk for human health. Cyanobacteria can release toxins in water, particularly following cell lysis, which often happens during their passage through a conventional water treatment plant. In this literature review, water quality guidelines for the elimination of cyanotoxins and major detection methods of cyanotoxins are briefly presented. The processes used for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin removal from drinking water are then reviewed and their performance discussed. The conventional methods presented are: coagulation/flocculation, clarification, sand filtration, activated carbon and chemical oxidation with chlorination or potassium permanganate. Alternative methods that are presently developed to enhance existing treatment plants or to replace conventional technologies that are less effective in removing emergent pollutants (e.g., advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration) are also presented. Conventional methods such as chlorination can be inappropriate, notably because of their inability to fully oxidize cyanotoxins and the associated risk of formation of toxic by-products (e.g., organochlorinated compounds). Alternative methods such as the combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide are more reliable to eliminate cyanotoxins, with a residual effect downstream from the treatment contactor. In addition, this type of treatment can be easily implemented in water treatment plants that are already using ozonation. The use of activated carbon, notably in the form of powder, can be efficient in the case of point contamination by cyanobacterial blooms. This document aims to synthesize these chemical, physical and physico-chemical methods to eliminate cyanotoxins and cyanobacteria during the treatment of drinking water.
Keywords:
- Cyanobacteria,
- cyanotoxin,
- microcystin,
- drinking water,
- water treatment,
- oxidation,
- filtration
Parties annexes
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