Résumés
Résumé
Près d’un million de Canadiens français vivaient aux États-Unis au début du 20e siècle. Dans certaines régions, comme la Nouvelle-Angleterre, ils formaient des communautés distinctes. Ailleurs, ils constituaient une petite partie de la population diversifiée du nord des États-Unis. Savoir si les groupes d’immigrants habitent près des leurs ou près des Américains de naissance constitue un indicateur important de l’intégration sociale dans la population locale. Les Canadiens vivant aux États-Unis représentent une population intéressante à étudier du point de vue de la ségrégation résidentielle. Les immigrants, tant francophones qu’anglophones, ont migré sur des distances relativement courtes depuis le Canada. Mais des différences quant à leurs aptitudes linguistiques ont donné à ces groupes des raisons différentes de résider ou non près de voisins anglophones. Les constats relatifs à la résidence des migrants canadiens-français et canadiens-anglais aux États-Unis mettent en évidence des divergences dans l’intensité du lien avec les Américains nés au pays. Le profil résidentiel des francophones revêtait un caractère distinctif dans les régions comptant d’importantes populations d’immigrants canadiens. À l’échelle du pays, cependant, et comparativement aux autres « nouveaux immigrants » venus d’Europe, les Canadiens apparaissaient comme intégrés sur le plan résidentiel.
Mots-clés :
- ségrégation résidentielle,
- immigrants,
- langue,
- Canadiens français aux États-Unis,
- Canadiens anglais aux États-Unis,
- recensements des États-Unis,
- petits Canadas
Abstract
Nearly a million French Canadians lived in the United States in the early twentieth century. In some regions, such as New England, French-Canadians formed distinct communities. Elsewhere French-Canadians were a small part of the diverse population in the northern United States. An important indicator of social integration into a community is whether immigrant groups live near their own, or close to native-born Americans. Canadians in the United States provide an interesting test of immigrant residential segregation. Both Anglophone and Francophone immigrants migrated relatively short distances from Canada. But differences in linguistic ability gave these groups different incentives to live near English-speaking neighbors. Differences in the residential outcomes of Francophone and Anglophone Canadian migrants in the United States highlight the different degree of connection to the native-born community. Francophone residential patterns were distinct in areas with significant Canadian immigrant populations. But across the country, when compared to other “new immigrants” from Europe, Canadians were residentially integrated.
Keywords:
- Residential segregation,
- Immigrants,
- Language,
- French Canadians in the United States,
- English Canadians in the United States,
- United States censuses,
- little Canadas
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Abbott, Grace, 1908 « The Chicago employment agency and the immigrant worker », American Journal of Sociology, 14, 3 : 289-305.
- Barton, Josef, 1975 Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians, and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
- Blake, Kellee, 1996 « “First in the Path of the Firemen”: The Fate of the 1890 Population Census », Prologue Magazine, 28, 1 : 64-81.
- Burgess, E. W., 1928 « Residential segregation in American cities », Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 140 : 105-115.
- Burgess, E. W., 1929 « The value of sociological community studies for the work of social agencies », Social Forces, 8 : 481-491.
- Choquette, Leslie, 2018 « French Canadian Immigration to Vermont and New England (1840-1930) », Vermont History, 86, 1 : 1-8.
- Cohen, Lizabeth, 1991 Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939, Cambridge, Angleterre, Cambridge University Press.
- Collins, William J. et Ariell Zimran, 2019 « The economic assimilation of Irish Famine migrants to the United States », Explorations in Economic History, 74 : 101302.
- Conway, Alan, 1961 The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
- Conzen, Kathleen Neils, 1977 Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860: Accomodation and Community in a Frontier City, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
- Conzen, Kathleen Neils, 1979 « Immigrants, immigrant neighborhoods, and ethnic identity: Historical issues », The Journal of American History, 66, 3 : 603-615.
- Conzen, Kathleen Neils, David A Gerber, Ewa Morawska, George E Pozzetta et Rudolph J Vecoli, 1992 « The invention of ethnicity: A perspective from the USA », Journal of American Ethnic History, 12, 1 : 3-41.
- Cook, Lisa D, Trevon D. Logan et John M. Parman, 2014 « Distinctively black names in the American past », Explorations in Economic History, 53 : 64-82.
- Cutler, David M., Edward L. Glaeser et Jacob L. Vigdor, 2008a « Is the Melting Pot Still Hot? Explaining the Resurgence of Immigrant Segregation », The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90, 3 : 478-497.
- Cutler, David M., Edward L. Glaeser et Jacob L. Vigdor, 2008b « When are ghettos bad? Lessons from immigrant segregation in the United States », Journal of Urban Economics, 63, 3 : 759-774.
- Dillon, Lisa, 1881 Canadian Census Project, North Atlantic Population Project et Minnesota Population Center, 2008 « National Sample of the 1881 Census of Canada (version 2.0) », Département de démographie, Université de Montréal.
- Dillon, Lisa Y., Marilyn Amorevieta-Gentil, Alain Gagnon et Bertrand Desjardins, 2023 « PRDH and IMPQ 1800-1849 Quebec Historical Family Reconstitution. Content, Design and Biographical Completeness », Historical Life Course Studies, 13 : 103-126.
- Doire, Louise M., 2015 « French-Canadian Catholics and Ethnic-Styled Unionism in Woonsocket, Rhode Island », dans : Sargon Donabed et Autumn Quezada-Grant, Decentering Discussions on Religion and State: Emerging Narratives, Challenging Perspectives, Lanham (MD), Lexington Books, p. 57-100.
- Drachsler, Julius, 1920 Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America, New York, Macmillan.
- Dubester, Henry J., 1948 State Censuses: An Annotated Bibliography of Censuses of Population Taken after the Year 1790 by States and Territories of the United States, Washington (D.C.), Government Printing Office.
- Duncan, Otis Dudley et Beverly Duncan, 1955 « A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes », American Sociological Review, 20, 2 : 210-217.
- Duncan, Otis Dudley et Stanley Lieberson, 1959 « Ethnic Segregation and Assimilation », American Journal of Sociology, 64, 4 : 364-374.
- Edvinsson, Sören, Kees Mandemakers et Ken R. Smith, 2023 « Introduction: Major Databases with Historical Longitudinal Population Data: Development, Impact and Results », Historical Life Course Studies, 13 : 186-190.
- Erickson, Charlotte, 1973 Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
- Eriksson, Katherine et Zachary Ward, 2019 « The residential segregation of immigrants in the United States from 1850 to 1940 », The Journal of Economic History, 79, 4 : 989-1026.
- Fossett, Mark A., 2017 New Methods for Measuring and Analyzing Segregation, Cham (Suisse), Springer.
- Frenette, Yves, Étienne Rivard et Marc St-Hilaire (dir.), 2012 La francophonie nord-américaine, Québec, Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Frenette, Yves, Marc St-Hilaire et Marie-Ève Harton (dir.), 2023 Déploiements canadiens-français et métis en Amérique du Nord (18e-20e siècle), Ottawa, Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
- Fryer, Roland G. et Steven D. Levitt, 2004 « The causes and consequences of distinctively black names », The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119, 3 : 767-805.
- Galster, George C., 2019 Making our Neighborhoods, Making our Selves, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Gerstle, Gary, 1989 Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Goldstein, Joshua R. et Guy Stecklov, 2016 « From Patrick to John F.: Ethnic Names and Occupational Success in the Last Era of Mass Migration », American Sociological Review, 81, 1 : 85-106.
- Grant, Edwin E., 1925 « Scum from the melting-pot », American Journal of Sociology, 30, 6 : 641-651.
- Grigoryeva, Angelina et Martin Ruef, 2015 « The historical demography of racial segregation », American Sociological Review, 80, 4 : 814-842.
- Hacker, J. David, 1999 « Child Naming, Religion, and the Decline of Marital Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America », The History of the Family: An International Quarterly, 4, 3 : 339-365.
- Hacker, J. David, Jonas Helgertz, Matt A. Nelson et Evan Roberts, 2021 « The influence of kin proximity on the reproductive success of American couples, 1900-1910 », Demography, 58 : 2337-2364.
- Hacker, J. David et Evan Roberts, 2017 « The impact of kin availability, parental religiosity, and nativity on fertility differentials in the late nineteenth-century United States », Demographic Research, 37, 34 : 1049-1080.
- Handlin, Oscar, 2002 The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People, Philadelphie, University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Hareven, Tamara, 1982 Family Time and Industrial Time, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Hershberg, Theodore et al., 1979 « A Tale of Three Cities: Blacks and Immigrants in Philadelphia: 1850-1880, 1930 and 1970 », Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 : 55-81.
- Hurlburt, Sarah, 2023 « French-Canadian Kin Networks and Secondary Migration: From Minnesota to Washington », dans : Yves Frenette, Marc St-Hilaire, et Marie-Ève Harton (dir.), Déploiements canadiens-français et métis en Amérique du Nord (18e-20e siècle), Ottawa, Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, pp. 93-117.
- Hwang, Jackelyn et Tyler W. McDaniel, 2022 « Racialized Reshuffling: Urban Change and the Persistence of Segregation in the Twenty-First Century », Annual Review of Sociology, 48, 1 : 397-419.
- Jarvis, Benjamin F., Robert D. Mare et Monica K. Nordvik, 2023 « Assortative mating, residential choice, and ethnic segregation », Research in Social Stratification and Mobility : 100809.
- Jenks, Jeremiah Whipple et William Jett Lauck, 1912 The Immigration Problem: A Study of American Immigration Conditions and Needs, New York, Funk & Wagnalls Company.
- Kolehmainen, John I., 1936 « A study of marriage in a Finnish community », American Journal of Sociology, 42, 3 : 371-382.
- Lamarre, Jean, 2003 The French Canadians of Michigan: Their Contribution to the Development of the Saginaw Valley and the Keweenaw Peninsula, 1840-1914, Detroit, Wayne State University Press.
- Lewis, Ronald L., 2009 Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.
- Lieberson, Stanley, 1963 Ethnic Patterns in American Cities, Glencoe, Free Press.
- Logan, Trevon D. et John M. Parman, 2015 « The National Rise in Residential Segregation », National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Logan, Trevon D. et John M. Parman, 2017 « The National Rise in Residential Segregation », Journal of Economic History, 77, 1 : 127-170.
- MacDonald, William, 1898 « The French Canadians in New England », The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12, 3 : 245-279.
- MacLean, Annie Marion, 1905 « Significance of the Canadian migration », American Journal of Sociology, 10, 6 : 814-823.
- Minnesota Population Center, 2019 « Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International: Version 7.2 [dataset] », Minneapolis, IPUMS.
- Morawska, Ewa, 1985 For Bread with Butter: the Life-Worlds of East Central Europeans in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1890-1940, Cambridge (Angleterre), Cambridge University Press.
- Morawska, Ewa, 1996 Insecure Prosperity-Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Morley Wickett, S., 1913 « Canadians in the United States », The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 45, 1 : 83-98.
- Park, Robert E., 1915 « The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the City Environment », American Journal of Sociology, 20, 5 : 577-612.
- Park, Robert E., 1926 « The Melting-Pot Mistake », American Journal of Sociology, 32, 2 : 300-303.
- Perry, Clarence, 1929 « City Planning for Neighborhood Life », Social Forces, 8, 1 : 98-100.
- Petrin, Ronald Arthur, 1990 French Canadians in Massachusetts Politics, 1885-1915: Ethnicity and Political Pragmatism, Philadelphie, Balch Institute Press.
- Ramirez, Bruno, 1991 On the Move: French-Canadian and Italian Migrants in the North Atlantic Economy, 1860-1914, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart.
- Ramirez, Bruno, 2001 « Canada in the United States: Perspectives on Migration and Continental History », Journal of American Ethnic History, 20, 3 : 50-70.
- Ramirez, Bruno et Yves Otis, 2001 Crossing the 49th Parallel: Migration from Canada to the United States, 1900-1930, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
- Roby, Yves, 1990 Les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, 1776-1930, Sillery, Septentrion.
- Roby, Yves, 2004 The Franco-Americans of New England: Dreams and Realities, Sillery, Septentrion.
- Ruggles, Steven et Susan Brower, 2003 « The Measurement of Household and Family Composition in the United States, 1850-2000 », Population and Development Review, 29, 1 : 73-101.
- Ruggles, Steven, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, J. David Hacker, Evan Roberts et Matthew Sobek, 2021 « IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data. Version 3.0 [dataset] », Minneapolis, IPUMS.
- Schultz, Kevin M., 2006 « Religion as identity in postwar America: The last serious attempt to put a question on religion in the United States census », The Journal of American History, 93, 2 : 359-384.
- Shertzer, Allison, Randall P. Walsh et John R. Logan, 2016 « Segregation and neighborhood change in northern cities: New historical GIS data from 1900-1930 », Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 49, 4 :187-197.
- Stevens, Gillian, 1999 « A century of US censuses and the language characteristics of immigrants », Demography, 36, 3 : 387-397.
- Stoessel, Saskia, 2002 « Investigating the role of social networks in language maintenance and shift », International Journal of the Sociology of Language,153 : 93-131.
- Szołtysek, Mikołaj et Siegfried Gruber, 2016 « Mosaic: Recovering surviving census records and reconstructing the familial history of Europe », The History of the Family, 21, 1 : 38-60.
- Takai, Y., 2008 Gendered Passages: French-Canadian Migration to Lowell, Massachusetts, 1900-1920, New York, Peter Lang.
- Talen, Emily, 2018 « In support of the unambiguous neighborhood: a proposed size typology », Journal of Urbanism, 11, 4 : 480-502.
- Thomas, William Isaac et Florian Znaniecki, 1918 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, New York, Knopf.
- Thorvaldsen, Gunnar, 2014 « Religion in the Census », Social Science History, 38, 1-2 : 203-220.
- Truesdell, Leon E., 1943 The Canadian Born in the United States, New Haven, Yale University Press.
- Turner, Margery Austin, 2008 « Residential segregation and employment inequality », dans : James H. Carr et Nandinee K. Kutty (dir.), Segregation: The Rising Costs for America, New York, Routledge, p. 151-196.
- Vézina, Hélène, Marc St-Hilaire, Jean-Sébastien Bournival et Claude Bellavance, 2018 « The linkage of microcensus data and vital records: An assessment of results on Quebec historical population data (1852-1911) », Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 51, 4 : 230-245.
- Weatherly, Ulysses G., 1910 « Race and marriage », American Journal of Sociology, 15, 4 : 433-453.
- Widdis, Randy William, 1987 « With scarcely a ripple: English Canadians in northern New York State at the beginning of the twentieth century », Journal of Historical Geography, 13, 2 : 169-192.
- Widdis, Randy William, 1998 With Scarcely a Ripple: Anglo-Canadian Migration into the United States and Western Canada, 1880-1920, Montréal et Kingston, McGill-Queen’s Press.