Résumés
Résumé
Lorsqu’un mouvement est répété à plusieurs reprises, de subtiles différences peuvent être observées entre les répétitions. En biomécanique sportive, l’étude de la variabilité intra-individuelle (vi) du mouvement et de ses implications a le potentiel de prévenir les blessures, d’évaluer le progrès de traitements et d’informer le développement de protocoles de recherche (Preatoni et al. 2013). Bien que les chercheurs du domaine de la musique partagent plusieurs de ces objectifs, peu d’attention a été accordée à la vi du mouvement. Cette revue exploratoire vise à consolider les informations existantes concernant la vi du mouvement en performance pianistique afin d’explorer trois importants enjeux méthodologiques : a) quelles méthodes ont été utilisées pour mesurer cette vi du mouvement ; b) quelle est l’influence de l’expertise sur cette vi du mouvement et c) combien d’essais devraient être utilisés dans un protocole de recherche afin d’obtenir une évaluation fiable d’une performance. En outre, les lacunes dans notre compréhension du phénomène sont identifiées et des recommandations pour les recherches futures sont émises.
Mots-clés :
- cognition,
- expertise,
- performance pianistique,
- système neuromusculaire,
- variabilité
Abstract
When a movement is repeated several times, subtle differences can be observed between repetitions. In sports biomechanics, studying intra-individual movement variability and its implications has the potential to prevent injuries, assess treatment progress, and inform the development of research protocols (Preatoni et al. 2013). While researchers in the field of music share many of these goals, little attention has been paid to intra-individual movement variability. This scoping review aims to consolidate the existing evidence regarding the intra-individual movement variability of piano performance, to shine light on three significant methodological issues: a) what methods have been used to measure this intra-individual movement variability; b) what is the influence of expertise on this intra-individual movement variability and c) how many trials should be used in a research design in order to obtain a reliable assessment of piano performance. Additionally, gaps in our understanding of the phenomenon are identified and recommendations for future research are issued.
Keywords:
- cognition,
- expertise,
- neuromuscular system,
- piano performance,
- variability
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Ajero, Mario (2007), The Effects of Computer-assisted Keyboard Technology and midi Accompaniments on Group Piano Students’ Performance Accuracy and Attitudes, thèse de doctorat, The University of Oklahoma, www.proquest.com/openview/b3e037b8c257d258a3aa71b499c27c0a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750.
- Aoki, Tomoko, Shinichi Furuya, et Hiroshi Kinoshita (2005), « Finger-Tapping Ability in Male and Female Pianists and Nonmusician Controls », Motor Control, vol. 9, no 1, p. 23-39, https://doi.org/10.1123/mcj.9.1.23.
- Arksey, Hilary, et Lisa O’Malley (2005), « Scoping Studies. Towards a Methodological Framework », International Journal of Social Research Methodology, vol. 8, no 1, p. 19‑32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.
- Arutyunyan, G. A., Gurfinkel’ V. S., et M. L. Mirskii (1968), « Investigation of Aiming at a Target », Biophysics, vol. 13, no 3, p. 536-538.
- Bartlett, Roger, Jon Wheat, et Matthew Robins (2007), « Is Movement Variability Important for Sports Biomechanists? », Sports Biomechanics, vol. 6, no 2, p. 224‑243, https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140701322994.
- Bashford, Luke, et al. (2022), « Motor Skill Learning Decreases Movement Variability and Increases Planning Horizon », Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 127, no 4, p. 995‑1006, https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00631.2020.
- Bates, Barry T., Janet S. Dufek, et Howard P. Davis (1992), « The Effect of Trial Size on Statistical Power », Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 24, no 9, p. 1059‑1065, http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00017.
- Bernstein, N. A. (1967), The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movements, Oxford/New York, Pergamon Press.
- Bradshaw, Elizabeth, et al. (2010), « Reliability and Variability of Day-to-day Vault Training Measures in Artistic Gymnastics », Sports Biomechanics, vol. 9, no 2, p. 79‑97, https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.488298.
- Bresin, Roberto, et Giovanni Umberto Battel (2000), « Articulation Strategies in Expressive Piano Performance Analysis of Legato, Staccato, and Repeated Notes in Performances of the Andante Movement of Mozart’s Sonata in G Major (K 545) », Journal of New Music Research, vol. 29, no 3, p. 211‑224, http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jnmr.29.3.211.3092.
- Caballero, Carla, et al. (2017), « The Role of Motor Variability in Motor Control and Learning Depends on the Nature of the Task and the Individual’s Capabilities / El Rol De La Variabilidad Motoraen El Control Y Aprendizaje Motordepende De Las Características De La Tareay Las Capacidades Individuales », Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, vol. 38, p. 12‑26.
- Caldwell, Graham E., Li Li, Steve D. McCole, et James M. Hagberg (1998), « Pedal and Crank Kinetics in Uphill Cycling », Journal of Applied Biomechanics, vol. 14, no 3, p. 245‑259, https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.3.245.
- *Chaffin, Roger, Gabriela Imreh, et Mary Crawford (2002), Practicing Perfection. Memory and Piano Performance, New York, Psychology Press, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612373.
- *Chaffin, Roger, Anthony F. Lemieux, et Colleen Chen (2006), « Spontaneity and Creativity in Highly Practised Performance », dans Irène Deliège et Geraint A. Wiggins (dir.), Musical Creativity. Multidisciplinary Research in Theory and Practice, London, Psychology Press, p. 200‑218.
- *Chaffin, Roger, Anthony F. Lemieux, et Colleen Chen (2007), « “It is Different Each Time I Play”. Variability in Highly Prepared Musical Performance », Music Perception, vol. 24, no 5, p. 455‑472, https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2007.24.5.455.
- *Chaffin, Roger, et Topher Logan (2006), « Practicing Perfection. How Concert Soloists Prepare for Performance », Advances in Cognitive Psychology, vol. 2, no 2-3, p. 113-130, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2478/v10053-008-0050-z.
- Chapman, Andrew, et al. (2009), « Do Differences in Muscle Recruitment between Novice and Elite Cyclists Reflect Different Movement Patterns or Less Skilled Muscle Recruitment? », Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 12, no 1, p. 31‑34, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.012.
- Chau, Tom, et Kim Parker (2004), « On the Robustness of Stride Frequency Estimation », ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 51, no 2, p. 294‑303, https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2003.820396.
- Chau, Tom, Scott Young, et Sue Redekop (2005), « Managing Variability in the Summary and Comparison of Gait Data », Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, vol. 2, article 22, https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-2-22.
- *Cheng, Felicia Pei-Hsin, Michael Grossbach, et Eckart Altenmüller (2013), « Altered Sensory Feedbacks in Pianist’s Dystonia. The Altered Auditory Feedback Paradigm and the Glove Effect », Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 7, article 868, https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00868.
- Churchland, Mark M., Afsheen Afshar, et Krishna V. Shenoy (2006), « A Central Source of Movement Variability », Neuron, vol. 52, no 6, p. 1085‑1096, https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.10.034.
- *Clarke, Eric F. (1982), « Timing in the Performance of Erik Satie’s ‘Vexations’ », Acta Psychologica, vol. 50, no 1, p. 1‑19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(82)90047-6.
- *Clarke, Eric F. (1985), « Some Aspects of Rhythm and Expression in Performances of Erik Satie’s “Gnossienne No. 5” », Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 2, no 3, p. 299‑328, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285301.
- Davids, Keith, et al. (2003), « Movement Systems as Dynamical Systems. The Functional Role of Variability and its Implications for Sports Medicine », Sports Medicine, vol. 33, no 4, p. 245‑260, https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333040-00001.
- Davis, Peter Lowell (2001), A Descriptive Analysis of Dynamic (Loudness) Accuracy Test Scores for College Non-keyboard Music Majors in Group Piano Classes Who Practiced with Four Types of midi Accompaniment, thèse de doctorat, The University of Oklahoma, https://shareok.org/handle/11244/6060.
- *Demos, Alexander P., Tânia Lisboa, et Roger Chaffin (2016), « Flexibility of Expressive Timing in Repeated Musical Performances », Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 7, article 1490, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01490.
- *Drake, Carolyn, et Caroline Palmer (1993), « Accent Structures in Music Performance », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 10, no 3, p. 343‑378, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285574.
- *Drake, Carolyn, et Caroline Palmer (2000), « Skill Acquisition in Music Performance. Relations between Planning and Temporal Control », Cognition, vol. 74, no 1, p. 1‑32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00061-X.
- *Ericsson, K. Anders, Ralf Th. Krampe, et Clemens Tesch-Römer (1993), « The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance », Psychological Review, vol. 100, no 3, p. 363‑406, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.100.3.363.
- Ferber, R., et al. (2002), « A Comparison of Within- and Between-day Reliability of Discrete 3D Lower Extremity Variables in Runners », Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, vol. 20, no 6, p. 1139‑1145, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00077-3.
- Flückiger, Matthias, Tobias Grosshauser, et Gerhard Tröster (2018), « Influence of Piano Key Vibration Level on Players’ Perception and Performance in Piano Playing », Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no 12, article 2697, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122697.
- Furuya, Shinichi, et al. (2011), « Distinct Inter-Joint Coordination during Fast Alternate Keystrokes in Pianists with Superior Skill », Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 5, article 50, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00050.
- Furuya, Shinichi, et Hiroshi Kinoshita (2008a), « Expertise-dependent Modulation of Muscular and Non-muscular Torques in Multi-joint Arm Movements during Piano Keystroke », Neuroscience, vol. 156, no 2, p. 390‑402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.028.
- Furuya, Shinichi, et Hiroshi Kinoshita (2008b), « Organization of the Upper Limb Movement for Piano Key-depression Differs between Expert Pianists and Novice Players », Experimental Brain Research, vol. 185, no 4, p. 581‑593, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1184-9.
- Glazier, Paul S., et Keith Davids (2009), « On Analysing and Interpreting Variability in Motor Output », Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 12, no 4, p. e2-e3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.010.
- *Goubault, Etienne, et al. (2021), « Exhausting Repetitive Piano Tasks Lead to Local Forearm Manifestation of Muscle Fatigue and Negatively Affect Musical Parameters », Scientific Reports, vol. 11, article 8117, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87403-8.
- Hamill, Joseph, et Susan L. McNiven (1990), « Reliability of Selected Ground Reaction Force Parameters during Walking », Human Movement Science, vol. 9, no 2, p. 117‑131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(90)90023-7.
- Harris, Christopher M., et Daniel M. Wolpert (1998), « Signal-dependent Noise Determines Motor Planning », Nature, vol. 394, no 6695, p. 780‑784, https://doi.org/10.1038/29528.
- *Heinlein, Christian Paul (1929), « A Discussion of the Nature of Pianoforte Damper-Pedalling Together with an Experimental Study of Some Individual Differences in Pedal Performance », The Journal of General Psychology, vol. 2, no 4, p. 489‑508, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1929.9918087.
- Henley, Paul Thomas (1999), The Effect of Modeling and Tempo Gradations as Practice Techniques on the Performance of High School Instrumentalists, thèse de doctorat, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
- Huang, Jinyan, et Chandra J. Foote (2011), « Using Generalizability Theory to Examine Scoring Reliability and Variability of Judging Panels in Skating Competitions », Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, vol. 7, no 3, article 16, https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1241.
- Ichihara, Takuya, et Nobuyuki Inui (2001), « Independence of Timing and Force Control during Finger-tapping Sequences by Pianists », Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 93, no 2, p. 556‑558, https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.556.
- *Jabusch, Hans-Christian, et al. (2009), « The Influence of Practice on the Development of Motor Skills in Pianists. A Longitudinal Study in a Selected Motor Task », Human Movement Science, vol. 28, no 1, p. 74‑84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.08.001.
- *Jabusch, Hans-Christian, Henning Vauth, et Eckart Altenmüller (2004), « Quantification of Focal Dystonia in Pianists Using Scale Analysis », Movement Disorders. Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, vol. 19, no 2, p. 171‑180, https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10671.
- *Jabusch, Hans-Christian, Raymond M. Yong, et Eckart Altenmüller (2007), « Biographical Predictors of Music-related Motor Skills in Children Pianists », dans Aaron Williamon et Daniela Coimbra (dir.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Performance Science 2007, Utrecht, European Association of Conservatoires (aec), p. 363-368.
- Jacobs, J. Pieter, et Daniel Bullock (1998), « A Two-process Model for Control of Legato Articulation across a Wide Range of Tempos during Piano Performance », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 16, no 2, p. 169‑199, https://doi.org/10.2307/40285786.
- Kadaba, Murali P., et al. (1989), « Repeatability of Kinematic, Kinetic, and Electromyographic Data in Normal Adult Gait », Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 7, no 6, p. 849‑860, https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100070611.
- Kadota, Hiroshi, et al. (2010), « An fmri Study of Musicians with Focal Dystonia during Tapping Tasks », Journal of Neurology, vol. 257, no 7, p. 1092‑1098, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-010-5468-9.
- Karamanidis, Kiros, Adamantios Arampatzis, et Gert-Peter Brüggemann (2003), « Symmetry and Reproducibility of Kinematic Parameters during Various Running Techniques », Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 35, no 6, p. 1009‑1016, https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000069337.49567.f0.
- *Keller, Peter E., Andreas Weber, et Annerose Engel (2011), « Practice Makes Too Perfect. Fluctuations in Loudness Indicate Spontaneity in Musical Improvisation », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 29, no 1, p. 109‑114, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2011.29.1.109.
- Komar, John, Ludovic Seifert, et Régis Thouvarecq (2015), « What Variability Tells Us about Motor Expertise. Measurements and Perspectives from a Complex System Approach », Movement Sport Sciences, vol. 89, no 3, p. 65‑77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2015020.
- *Kopiez, Reinhard, et al. (2012), « No Disadvantage for Left-handed Musicians. The Relationship between Handedness, Perceived Constraints and Performance-related Skills in String Players and Pianists », Psychology of Music, vol. 40, no 3, p. 357‑384, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0305735610394708.
- Krampe, Ralf Th. (1994), Maintaining Excellence. Cognitive-motor Performance in Pianists Differing in Age and Skill Level, Berlin, Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung.
- *Krampe, Ralf Th., et K. Anders Ericsson (1996), « Maintaining Excellence. Deliberate Practice and Elite Performance in Young and Older Pianists », Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, vol. 125, no 4, p. 331‑359, https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.125.4.331.
- Latash, Mark L., John P. Scholz, et Gregor Schöner (2002), « Motor Control Strategies Revealed in the Structure of Motor Variability », Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 30, no 1, p. 26‑31, https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200201000-00006.
- Levac, Danielle, Heather Colquhoun, et Kelly K. O’Brien (2010), « Scoping Studies. Advancing the Methodology », Implementation Science, vol. 5, article 69, https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69.
- *Lipke-Perry, Tracy, Darren J. Dutto, et Morris Levy (2019), « The Piano Keyboard as Task Constraint. Timing Patterns of Pianists’ Scales Persist Across Instruments », Music & Science, vol. 2, https://doi.org/10.1177/2059204319870733.
- Loria, Tristan, et al. (2022), « The Impact of Limb Velocity Variability on Mallet Accuracy in Marimba Performance », Journal of Motor Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2022.2069080.
- Mack, Melanie, et al. (2020), « Movement Prototypes and Their Relationship in the Performance of a Gymnastics Floor Routine », Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, vol. 15, no 2, p. 303‑318, http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.152.06.
- *MacKenzie, Christine L., et al. (1986), « The Effect of Tonal Structure on Rhythm in Piano Performance », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 4, no 2, p. 215‑225, https://doi.org/10.2307/40285361.
- MacKenzie, Christine L., Judith A. Nelson-Schultz, et Barry L. Wills (1983), « A Preliminary Investigation of Motor Programming in Piano Performance as a Function of Skill Level », dans Don Rogers et John A. Sloboda (dir.), The Acquisition of Symbolic Skills, Boston MA, Springer us, p. 283‑292.
- *MacKenzie, Christine L., et D. L. Van Eerd (1990), « Rhythmic Precision in the Performance of Piano Scales. Motor Psychophysics and Motor Programming », dans M. Jeannerod (dir.), Attention and Performance 13. Motor Representation and Control, Hillsdale, nj, us, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., p. 375‑408, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203772010-12.
- Malcata, Rita M., et Will G. Hopkins (2014), « Variability of Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes. A Systematic Review », Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no 12, p. 1763‑1774, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x.
- Mendez-Villanueva, Alberto, Iñigo Mujika, et David Bishop (2010), « Variability of Competitive Performance Assessment of Elite Surfboard Riders », Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 24, no 1, p. 135‑139, https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a61a3a.
- Messier, Julie, et John F. Kalaska (1999), « Comparison of Variability of Initial Kinematics and Endpoints of Reaching Movements », Experimental Brain Research, vol. 125, no 2, p. 139‑152, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050669.
- Michaud, Benjamin, Mickaël Begon, et Sonia Duprey (2022), « Bow-side Kinematics Studies in Violinists. An Experimental Design Tracking Intra- and Inter-musician Variability by Bow Stroke, String Played, and Tempo », Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 37, no 3, p. 135-142, https://doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2022.3020.
- Moras, Gerard, et al. (2018), « Entropy Measures Detect Increased Movement Variability in Resistance Training When Elite Rugby Players Use the Ball », Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 21, no 12, p. 1286‑1292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.007.
- Morgan, Don W., et al. (1994), « Daily Variability in Running Economy among Well-trained Male and Female Distance Runners », Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol. 65, no 1, p. 72‑77, https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10762210.
- Mullineaux, David R., Roger M. Bartlett, et Simon Bennett (2001), « Research Design and Statistics in Biomechanics and Motor Control », Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 19, no 10, p. 739-760, https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101317015410.
- Newell, Karl M. (1986), « Constraints on the Development of Coordination », dans Michael G. Wade et H. T. A. Whiting (dir.), Motor Development in Children. Aspects of Coordination and Control, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, p. 341‑360.
- Newell, Karl M., et Rajiv Ranganathan (2009), « Some Contemporary Issues in Motor Learning », Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 629, p. 395‑404, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77064-2_20.
- Osborne, Leslie C., Stephen G. Lisberger, et William Bialek (2005), « A Sensory Source for Motor Variation », Nature, vol. 437, no 7057, p. 412‑417, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03961.
- *Palmer, Caroline (1996), « Anatomy of a Performance. Sources of Musical Expression », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 13, no 3, p. 433‑453, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40286178.
- *Palmer, Caroline, et Carla van de Sande (1993), « Units of Knowledge in Music Performance », Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 19, no 2, p. 457‑470, https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.19.2.457.
- Paulig, Jakobine, et al. (2014), « Sensory Trick Phenomenon Improves Motor Control in Pianists with Dystonia. Prognostic Value of Glove-effect », Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 5, article 1012, https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01012.
- *Penel, Amandine, et Carolyn Drake (1998), « Sources of Timing Variations in Music Performance. A Psychological Segmentation Model », Psychological Research, vol. 61, no 1, p. 12‑32, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008161.
- Preatoni, Ezio (2007), Innovative Methods for the Analysis of Sports Movements and for the Longitudinal Monitoring of Individual Motor Skills, thèse de doctorat, Politecnico de Milano.
- Preatoni, Ezio, et al. (2010), « Motion Analysis in Sports Monitoring Techniques. Assessment Protocols and Application to Racewalking », Medicina Dello Sport, vol. 63, no 3, p. 327‑342.
- Preatoni, Ezio, et al. (2013), « Movement Variability and Skills Monitoring in Sports », Sports Biomechanics, vol. 12, no 2, p. 69‑92, https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2012.738700.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1992), « Diversity and Commonality in Music Performance. An Analysis of Timing Microstructure in Schumann’s “Träumerei” », The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 92, no 5, p. 2546‑2568, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1121/1.404425.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1994), « On Determining the Basic Tempo of an Expressive Music Performance », Psychology of Music, vol. 22, no 2, p. 157‑167, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735694222005.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1995a), « Acoustics, Perception, and Production of Legato Articulation on a Digital Piano », The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 97, no 6, p. 3862‑3874, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.413065.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1995b), « Expressive Timing in Schumann’s “Träumerei”. An Analysis of Performances by Graduate Student Pianists », The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 98, no 5, p. 2413‑2427, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.413276.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1996a), « Pedal Timing and Tempo in Expressive Piano Performance. A Preliminary Investigation », Psychology of Music, vol. 24, no 2, p. 199‑221, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735696242011.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1996b), « The Art of Inaccuracy. Why Pianists’ Errors Are Difficult to Hear », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 14, no 2, p. 161‑183, https://doi.org/10.2307/40285716.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1996c), « The Dynamics of Expressive Piano Performance. Schumann’s “Träumerei” Revisited », The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 100, no 1, p. 641‑650, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.415889.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1997a), « Acoustics, Perception, and Production of Legato Articulation on a Computer-controlled Grand Piano », The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 102, no 3, p. 1878‑1890, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.420110.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1997b), « Expressive Timing in a Debussy Prelude. A Comparison of Student and Expert Pianists », Musicae Scientiae, vol. 1, no 2, p. 257‑268, https://doi.org/10.1177/102986499700100206.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1997c), « Some Observations on Pianists’ Timing of Arpeggiated Chords », Psychology of Music, vol. 25, no 2, p. 133‑148, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735697252004.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1997d), « Variability of Timing in Expressive Piano Performance Increases with Interval Duration », Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, vol. 4, no 4, p. 530‑534, https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03214344.
- *Repp, Bruno H. (1999), « Control of Expressive and Metronomic Timing in Pianists », Journal of Motor Behavior, vol. 31, no 2, p. 145-164, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222899909600985.
- Repp, Bruno H., et Rebecca Doggett (2007), « Tapping to a Very Slow Beat. A Comparison of Musicians and Nonmusicians », Music Perception, vol. 24, no 4, p. 367‑376, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1525/mp.2007.24.4.367.
- *Salmon, Paul, et Jonathan Newmark (1989), « Clinical Applications of midi Technology », Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 4, no 1, p. 25‑31.
- Salo, Aki, et Paul N. Grimshaw (1998), « An Examination of Kinematic Variability of Motion Analysis in Sprint Hurdles », Journal of Applied Biomechanics, vol. 14, no 2, p. 211‑222, https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.2.211.
- Schmidt, Richard A., et al. (1979), « Motor-output Variability. A Theory for the Accuracy of Rapid Motor Acts », Psychological Review, vol. 86, no 5, p. 415‑451, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.415.
- Schmidt, Richard A., et Timothy D. Lee (2011), Motor Control and Learning. A Behavioral Emphasis, 5e éd., Champaign, il, us, Human Kinetics.
- Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I., et Hans Ulrich Bauer (1998), « Identifying Individual Movement Styles in High Performance Sports by Means of Self-organizing Kohonen Maps », 16 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports - Conference Proceedings Archive.
- *Shaffer, L. H. (1981), « Performances of Chopin, Bach, and Bartok. Studies in Motor Programming », Cognitive Psychology, vol. 13, no 3, p. 326‑376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(81)90013-X.
- Shannon, Claude E. (1948), « A Mathematical Theory of Communication », Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, no 3, p. 379‑423.
- Shmuelof, Lior, John W. Krakauer, et Pietro Mazzoni (2012), « How Is a Motor Skill Learned? Change and Invariance at the Levels of Task Success and Trajectory Control », Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 108, no 2, p. 578‑594, https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00856.2011.
- Slade, Teri (2018), Measurable Changes in Piano Performance Following a Body Mapping Workshop, thèse de doctorat, Université d’Ottawa.
- Stergiou, Nicholas (2004), Innovative Analyses of Human Movement, Champaign, il, Human Kinetics.
- Stergiou, Nicholas (2018), Nonlinear Analysis for Human Movement Variability, Boca Raton, crc Press.
- Tominaga, Kenta, et al. (2016), « Kinematic Origins of Motor Inconsistency in Expert Pianists », PLoS one, vol. 11, no 8, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161324.
- Tricco, Andrea, et al. (2018), « prisma Extension for Scoping Reviews (prisma-ScR). Checklist and Explanation », Ann Intern Med., vol. 169, no 7, p. 467-473, https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850.
- Van Emmerik, Richard E., et al. (1999), « Identification of Axial Rigidity during Locomotion in Parkinson Disease », Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 80, no 2, p. 186‑191, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90119-3.
- *Van Vugt, Floris Tijmen, et al. (2013), « The Influence of Chronotype on Making Music. Circadian Fluctuations in Pianists’ Fine Motor Skills », Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 7, article 347, https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00347.
- *Van Vugt, Floris Tijmen, et al. (2014), « Playing Beautifully When You Have to be Fast. Spatial and Temporal Symmetries of Movement Patterns in Skilled Piano Performance at Different Tempi », Experimental Brain Research, vol. 232, no 11, p. 3555‑3567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4036-4.
- *Van Vugt, Floris Tijmen, et Eckart Altenmüller (2019), « On the One Hand or on the Other. Trade-off in Timing Precision in Bimanual Musical Scale Playing », Advances in Cognitive Psychology, vol. 15, no 3, p. 216‑225, https://doi.org/10.5709%2Facp-0271-5.
- *Van Vugt, Floris Tijmen, Hans-Christian Jabusch, et Eckart Altenmüller (2012), « Fingers Phrase Music Differently. Trial-to-trial Variability in Piano Scale Playing and Auditory Perception Reveal Motor Chunking », Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 3, article 495, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00495.
- *Van Vugt, Floris Tijmen, Hans-Christian Jabusch, et Eckart Altenmüller (2013), « Individuality That is Unheard of. Systematic Temporal Deviations in Scale Playing Leave an Inaudible Pianistic Fingerprint », Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 4, article 134, https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00134.
- *Vaquero, Lucía, Karl Hartmann, et al. (2016), « Structural Neuroplasticity in Expert Pianists Depends on the Age of Musical Training Onset », NeuroImage, vol. 126, p. 106‑119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.008.
- Vercueil, A., H. Taljaard, et W. du Plessis (2011), « The Effect of the Tomatis Method on the Psychological Well-being and Piano Performance of Student Pianists. An Exploratory Study », South African Music Studies, vol. 31, no 1, p. 129-158.
- Verdugo, Felipe, et al. (2020), « Effects of Trunk Motion, Touch, and Articulation on Upper-limb Velocities and on Joint Contribution to Endpoint Velocities During the Production of Loud Piano Tones », Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, article 1159, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01159.
- Verdugo, Felipe, et al. (2021), « Proximal-to-distal Sequences of Attack and Release Movements of Expert Pianists during Pressed-Staccato Keystrokes », Journal of Motor Behavior, vol. 54, no 3, p. 316-326.
- *Wagner, Christoph (1971), « The Influence of the Tempo of Playing on the Rhythmic Structure Studied at Pianists Playing Scales », Medicine and Sport, vol. 6, Biomechanics II, p. 129‑132.
- *Wagner, Christoph, Ernst Piontek, et Ludwig Teckhaus (1973), « Piano Learning and Programed Instruction », Journal of Research in Music Education, vol. 21, no 2, p. 106‑122, https://doi.org/10.2307/3344587.
- Walker, Cherie, et al. (2019), « The Application of Inertial Measurement Units and Functional Principal Component Analysis to Evaluate Movement in the Forward 3½ Pike Somersault Springboard Dive », Sports Biomechanics, vol. 18, no 2, p. 146‑162, https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1574887.
- Wilson, Frank R. (1992), « Digitizing Digital Dexterity. A Novel Application for midi Recordings of Keyboard Performance », Psychomusicology. A Journal of Research in Music Cognition, vol. 11, no 2, p. 79‑95, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0094129.
- *Windsor, W. Luke, et Eric F. Clarke (1997), « Expressive Timing and Dynamics in Real and Artificial Musical Performances. Using an Algorithm as an Analytical Tool », Music Perception. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 15, no 2, p. 127‑152, https://doi.org/10.2307/40285746.
- Woody, Robert H. (2006), « The Effect of Various Instructional Conditions on Expressive Music Performance », Journal of Research in Music Education, vol. 54, no 1, p. 21‑36, https://doi.org/10.2307/3653453.