Résumés
Abstract
The term academic integrity is in widespread use, and while there has been much debate about what is included under that term and how we measure and encourage integrity in an academic context, no specific definition has been codified and universally accepted. This article reviews the historical evolution of the phrase through scholarship beginning in the 1960s, its shifting definition as an ethical or moral concept, and the ways in which it is currently being used, with a focus on the logics by which textual errors came to be classified as moral lapses. This article also provides analysis of students’ textual errors as they work from sources. Based on these analyses, we advocate bringing together all cheating behaviors, including academic ghostwriting, under the umbrella of academic integrity and calling them cheating, plain and simple. At the same time, we contend that textual errors such as patchwriting and faulty citation should be removed from the moral category of academic integrity and treated as instances of bad writing to be remedied by pedagogy, not punishment.
Keywords:
- Academic ghostwriting,
- academic integrity,
- authorship,
- cheating,
- education,
- ethics,
- honesty,
- integrity,
- intertextuality,
- morality,
- plagiarism,
- patchwriting,
- pedagogy,
- transparency,
- writing instruction
Résumé
Le terme « intégrité académique » est largement utilisé, et bien qu’il y ait eu de nombreux débats sur ce qui est inclus sous ce concept et sur la façon dont nous mesurons et encourageons l’intégrité dans un contexte académique, aucune définition spécifique n’a été universellement acceptée. Cet article examine l’évolution historique du concept à partir des années 1960, sa définition changeante en tant que concept éthique ou moral, et les façons dont elle est actuellement utilisée, en mettant l’accent sur les logiques par lesquelles les erreurs textuelles en sont venues à être considérées comme des fautes morales. Cet article fournit également une analyse des erreurs textuelles des étudiants lorsqu’ils travaillent à partir de sources.
Suite à ces analyses, nous préconisons de rassembler tous les comportements de tricheries, y compris le prête-plume académique, sous le parapluie de l’intégrité académique et de les appeler tricherie, purement et simplement. En même temps, nous soutenons que les erreurs textuelles telles que le « patchwriting » et les citations erronées devraient être retirées de la catégorie morale de l’intégrité académique et traitées comme des cas de mauvaise écriture qui doivent être corrigés par la pédagogie, et non par la punition.
Mots-clés :
- Éducation,
- enseignement de l’écrit,
- éthique,
- honnêteté,
- intégrité,
- intégrité académique,
- intertextualité,
- moralité,
- patchwriting,
- paternité d’auteur,
- pédagogie,
- plagiat,
- prête-plume,
- transparence,
- tricherie
Parties annexes
References
- Academic integrity (2018, November 12). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org
- Allen, G. (2000). Intertextuality. London, UK: Routledge.
- Angélil-Carter, S. (2000). Stolen language? Plagiarism in writing. New York, US: Longman.
- Barnhardt, B. (2016). The ‘epidemic’ of cheating depends on its definition: A critique of inferring the moral quality of ‘cheating in any form.’ Ethics & Behavior, 26(4), 330-343. doi:10.1080/10508422.2015.1026595
- Blum, S. D. (2009). My word! Plagiarism and college culture. Ithaca, US: Cornell University Press.
- Bonjean, C. M., & McGee, R. (1965). Scholastic dishonesty among undergraduates in differing systems of social control. Sociology of Education, 38(2), 127-137. doi:10.2307/2112195
- Bowers, W. J. (1964). Student dishonesty and its control in college. New York, US: Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research.
- Bretag, T. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of academic integrity. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7
- Diamond, C. (2001). Integrity. In L. C. Becker & C. B. Becker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of ethics / 2 (2nd ed.). New-York, US: Routledge.
- Eliot, T. S. (1921). The sacred wood. Essays on poetry and criticism. New York, US: Knopf.
- Gallant, T. B. (2008). Academic integrity in the 21st century: A teaching and learning imperative (ASHE higher education report, vol. 33, no. 5). Hoboken, US: Wiley.
- Gilmore, J., Maher, M., & Feldon. D. (2016). Prevalence, prevention, and pedagogical techniques: Academic integrity and ethical professional practice among STEM students. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 729-748). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_45-1
- Glendinning, I. (2015). European perspectives of academic integrity.In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 55-74). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_3-2
- Hacker, D. (1991). The Bedford handbook for writers (3rd ed.). Boston, US: Bedford.
- Harp, J., & Taietz, P. (1966). Academic integrity and social structure: A study of cheating among college students. Social Problems, 13, 365-73. doi:10.2307/798585
- Harris, J. (1997). A teaching subject: Composition since 1966. Upper Saddle River, US: Prentice Hall.
- Howard, R. M. (1993). A plagiarism pentimento. Journal of Teaching Writing, 11(3), 233-45. Retrieved from http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/teachingwriting
- Howard, R. M. (1995). Plagiarisms, authorships, and the academic death penality. College English, 57(7), 788-806. Retrieved from SURFACE: Writing Program Series: http://surface.syr.ed
- Hutcheon, L. (1986). Literary borrowing . . . and stealing: Plagiarism, sources, influences, and intertexts. English Studies in Canada, 12(2), 229-39. Retrieved from TSpace repository: http://tspace.library.utoronto.ca
- Jamieson, S. (2016). Is it plagiarism or patchwriting? Toward a nuanced definition. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of academic integrity (pp. 503-518). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_68-1
- Jamieson, S. (2018). Shouldn’t our expectations of students’ and academics’ intertextuality practices differ? In D. Pecorari & P. Shaw (Eds.), Student plagiarism in higher education: Reflections on teaching practice (pp. 105-122). London, UK: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315166148
- Jamieson, S., & Howard, R. M. (2013). Sentence-mining: Uncovering the amount of reading and reading comprehension in college writer’s researched writing. In R. McClure & J. P. Purdy (Eds.), The new digital scholar: Exploring and enriching the research and writing practices of NextGen students (pp. 111–133). Medford, US: Information Today. Retrieved from the Citation Project website: http://citationproject.net
- Macfarlane, B., Zhang, J., & Pun. A. (2012). Academic integrity: A review of the literature. Studies in Higher Education, 39(2), 339-358. doi:10.1080/03075079.2012.709495
- McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522-538. doi:10.1080/00221546.1993.11778446
- McCabe, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (1999). Academic integrity in honor code and non-honor code environments: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Higher Education, 70(2), 211-234. doi:10.1080/00221546.1999.11780762
- Nuss, E. M. (1981). Undergraduate moral development and academic dishonesty (Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, US). Retrieved from DRUM repository: http://drum.lib.umd.edu
- Nuss, E. M. (1984). Academic integrity: Comparing faculty and student attitudes. Improving College and University Teaching, 32(3), 140-144. doi:10.1080/00193089.1984.10533862
- Pecorari, D. (2003). Good and original: Plagiarism and patchwriting in academic second-language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12(4), 317-345. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2003.08.004
- Rose, M. (1994). The author as proprietor: Donaldson v. Becket and the genealogy of modern authorship. In B. Sherman & A. Strowel (Eds.), Of authors and origins: Essays on copyright law (pp. 23-56). Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
- Sachar, C. O. (2018, April 18). Using Turnitin to teach students not to plagiarize. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from http://insidehighered.com
- Thompson, C. (2005). ‘Authority is everything’: A study of the politics of textual ownership. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 1(1). Retrieved from http://ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/IJEI
- Weber-Wulff, D. (2014). False feathers: A perspective on academic plagiarism. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
- Weber-Wulff, D. (2019). Plagiarism detectors are a crutch, and a problem. Nature, 567(7749), 435. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00893-5 Retrieved from http://nature.com