Résumés
Summary
The development of work–life policies—e.g., employee assistance programs, on-site childcare, flextime, part-time, compressed week, and so on—is increasingly important for a growing number of organizations. Though such programs provide benefits for both employees and employers, usage rates are still low. Scholars have called for research that addresses this phenomenon and more particularly explains the underlying processes of individual decision-making concerning work–life balance, and describe why and how certain social groups differ in their approaches to policy use. Our inductive study –based on 44 individual interviews- aims to address these issues. We found that the policies are used differently depending on the employees’ social group, and that certain salient social identities—such as gender, parenthood and managerial status—shape their use. Such programs are a structural and cultural change for organizations and often present an opportunity for redefining the centrality of work. Indeed the values inherent in them, including resting and taking time for oneself or for one’s family, may conflict with the traditionally masculine values associated with the ‘ideal worker’, intuitively linked to performance and production of positive results. The clash between the two, which permeated the interviews, causes employees to fall back on the social identity or identities they find meaningful. Our findings show three main strategies that individuals use when they feel that their social identity is threatened: (1) engage in workaround activities to avoid using work-life policies; (2) try to compensate for policies use (by engaging in projects outside one’s job or doing overtime work) ; and (3) significantly limit policies use. These results contribute to literature by showing that many managers and men do not feel legitimate to use work-life policies and find workarounds to manage without them, thus perpetuating stereotypical masculine norms. We demonstrate that the identity threat that underlies work-life policies taking may help women in the short term, but also contributes to their discrimination in the long run as well as is detrimental to the work-life balance of men.
Key-words:
- work-life policies,
- gender,
- social identity,
- policy use
Résumé
Le déploiement des politiques de conciliation vie professionnelle- vie personnelle (programmes d'aide aux salariés, crèches, horaires flexibles, temps partiel, semaine compressée, etc.) est de plus en plus important pour de nombreuses organisations. Bien que ces dispositifs offrent des avantages tant aux salariés qu'aux employeurs, leur taux d'utilisation reste faible. Les chercheurs ont appelé à plus de travaux pour expliquer ce phénomène, notamment les processus sous-jacents de la prise de décision individuelle concernant l'équilibre vie professionnelle- vie personnelle, et décrire pourquoi et comment certains groupes sociaux diffèrent dans leurs approches de l'utilisation de ces dispositifs. Notre étude inductive - basée sur 44 entretiens individuels - vise à répondre à ces questions. Nous avons constaté que les politiques de conciliation sont utilisées différemment selon le groupe social des salariés, et que certaines identités sociales saillantes - comme le genre, la parentalité et le statut de manager - influencent leur usage. En effet, ces dispositifs représentent un changement structurel et culturel pour les organisations et offrent souvent l'occasion de redéfinir la centralité du travail. Les valeurs inhérentes à ces politiques, notamment le fait visible de prendre du temps pour soi ou pour sa famille, peuvent entrer en conflit avec les valeurs traditionnellement masculines associées au "travailleur idéal", intuitivement liées à la performance, la disponibilité et la production de résultats positifs. Le conflit entre les deux, qui a imprégné les entretiens, amène les salariés à se replier sur l'identité ou les identités sociales qu'ils trouvent significatives pour eux. Nos résultats montrent trois stratégies principales que les individus utilisent lorsqu'ils sentent que leur identité sociale est menacée : (1) ils s'engagent dans des activités de contournement pour éviter d'utiliser les politiques de conciliation travail-vie privée ; (2) ils essaient de compenser l'utilisation des politiques, en s’engageant dans des projets professionnels hors-travail ou en effectuant des heures supplémentaires ; et (3) ils limitent significativement l'utilisation des politiques. Ces résultats contribuent à la littérature en montrant que beaucoup de managers et de nombreux hommes ne se sentent pas légitimes d’utiliser ces politiques, et trouvent des stratégies de contournement pour éviter de les utiliser, perpétuant ainsi les normes masculines au travail. Nous démontrons également que la menace identitaire qui sous-tend l'adoption des politiques de conciliation peut aider les femmes à court terme, mais contribue également à les freiner dans leur carrière à long terme et nuit à l'équilibre vie professionnelle-vie personnelle des hommes.
Précis
Le déploiement des politiques de conciliation vie professionnelle- vie personnelle (programmes d'aide aux employés, crèches, horaires flexibles, temps partiel, semaine compressée, etc.) est de plus en plus important pour de nombreuses organisations. Bien que ces dispositifs offrent des avantages tant aux employés qu'aux employeurs, leur taux d'utilisation reste faible. Les chercheurs ont appelé à plus de recherche pour expliquer ce phénomène, notamment les processus sous-jacents de la prise de décision individuelle concernant l'équilibre vie professionnelle- vie personnelle, et décrire pourquoi et comment certains groupes sociaux diffèrent dans leurs approches de l'utilisation de ces dispositifs. Notre étude inductive - basée sur 44 entretiens individuels - vise à répondre à ces questions. Nous avons constaté que les identités sociales telles que le genre, la parentalité et le statut de manager déclenchent des perceptions de légitimité différentes qui, à leur tour, façonnent l'utilisation des politiques de conciliation. Ces résultats contribuent à la littérature en montrant que de nombreux managers et hommes ne se sentent pas légitimes d’utiliser ces politiques, et trouvent des solutions de contournement pour éviter de les utiliser, perpétuant ainsi les normes masculines au travail. Nous démontrons que la menace identitaire qui sous-tend l'adoption des politiques de conciliation peut aider les femmes à court terme, mais contribue également à leur discrimination à long terme et nuit à l'équilibre vie professionnelle-vie personnelle des hommes.
Mots-clefs:
- conciliation vie professionnelle- vie personnelle,
- genre,
- identité sociale,
- usage
Parties annexes
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