Résumés
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new reality in the world of work. Employers are realizing that to continue business operations during the pandemic they need to think differently about work : how it is organized, who does what and where the work is done. This paper addresses the question of whether there are differences in demographic and human capital characteristics between those who work from home during the pandemic and those who worked from home previously. Thus, this study takes advantage of the natural conditions of a pseudo experiment to identify the sociodemographic (i.e., sex (female/male), immigrant status, age) and human capital factors (i.e., education level, health) of those with access to telework to better understand the impact of the shutdown on these subgroups. This study uses Statistics Canada’s Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) first survey data on the Impacts of COVID-19, and an analytic sample whose n = 2,653 ; further, the 2016 General Social Survey cycle 30 was used to provide pre-pandemic estimates for descriptive comparisons. We find that females are not less likely than males to participate in telework and that immigrant status is negatively related to work from home during the pandemic. Generally, there is support for an age relationship, with the odds of telework being relatively lower as age increases. Education level is positively associated with telework during the pandemic (e.g., having a bachelor’s or higher university degree is positively associated with telework). Finally, there is no relationship between physical or mental health and telework. This study contributes to the literature by quantifying the impact of a brief mass telework event and its implications for access to telework across sociodemographic and human capital characteristics. In a post-pandemic world, will we carry forward the lessons learned through this ‘experiment’ imposed by the pandemic ?
Abstract
This study focuses on the demographic and human capital characteristics of Canadians that are associated with working from home (WFH), before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, or being absent from work, versus those Canadians who continue to work outside the home (i.e., who do not WFH). The results show significant differences in the incidence of WFH during the pandemic : 1) there are no significant differences between females and males ; 2) immigrants are less likely to WFH ; 3) younger workers are more likely to WFH ; 4) education is positively associated with WFH ; and 5) self-reported health is unrelated to WFH. The results from this natural experiment suggest potential policy and organizational implications if the pandemic WFH environment continues for an extended period of time.
Keywords:
- working from home (WFH),
- gender,
- immigrant,
- education level,
- mental health
Sommaire
La pandémie de COVID-19 a créé une nouvelle réalité dans le monde du travail. Les employeurs se rendent compte que pour poursuivre leurs activités pendant la pandémie, ils doivent penser le travail différemment : comment le travail est organisé, qui fait quoi et où il est effectué. La présente étude vise à déterminer s’il existe des différences dans les caractéristiques démographiques et le capital humain des personnes qui travaillent à domicile pendant la pandémie et celles qui travaillaient à domicile auparavant. Ainsi, cette étude profite des conditions naturelles d’une pseudo-expérience pour identifier les facteurs sociodémographiques (c.-à-d., le genre [femme/homme], le statut d’immigrant, l’âge) et le capital humain (c.-à-d., le niveau de scolarité, la santé) des personnes qui ont la possibilité de faire du télétravail afin de mieux comprendre les répercussions des fermetures sur ces sous-groupes. Cette étude utilise les données de la première enquête de la Série d’enquêtes sur les perspectives canadiennes (SEPC) de Statistique Canada sur les répercussions de la COVID-19, ainsi qu’un échantillon analytique (n = 2 653). En outre, l’Enquête sociale générale de 2016, cycle 30, a été utilisée afin d’obtenir des estimations prépandémiques pour les comparaisons descriptives. Nous constatons que les femmes ne sont pas moins susceptibles que les hommes de faire du télétravail et que le statut d’immigrant est négativement corrélé au travail à domicile pendant la pandémie. De manière générale, la corrélation avec l’âge est confirmée, la probabilité du télétravail étant relativement plus faible à mesure que l’âge augmente. Le niveau de scolarité est positivement corrélé au télétravail pendant la pandémie (p. ex., le fait d’avoir un baccalauréat ou un diplôme universitaire supérieur est positivement corrélé au télétravail). Enfin, il n’y a pas de relation entre la santé physique ou mentale et le télétravail. La présente étude contribue à la littérature en quantifiant les répercussions d’un bref événement de télétravail de masse et ses implications sur l’accès au télétravail en fonction des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et du capital humain. Dans un monde post-pandémique, tirerons-nous les leçons de cette expérience imposée par la pandémie ?
Résumé
La présente étude est axée sur les caractéristiques démographiques et sur le capital humain des Canadiens qui sont absents du travail ou qui travaillent à domicile (TAD), depuis la pandémie de COVID 19 ou qui en avait déjà l’habitude, par rapport aux Canadiens qui continuent de travailler à l’extérieur du foyer (c.-à-d. qui ne font pas de TAD). Les résultats montrent des différences significatives dans l’incidence du TAD pendant la pandémie : 1) il n’y a pas de différences significatives entre les femmes et les hommes ; 2) les immigrants sont moins susceptibles de faire du TAD ; 3) les jeunes travailleurs sont plus susceptibles de faire du TAD ; 4) l’éducation et le TAD ont une corrélation positive ; et 5) l’auto-évaluation de la santé n’est pas liée au TAD. Les résultats de cette expérience naturelle laissent sous-entendre de potentielles répercussions politiques et organisationnelles si le TAD en raison de la pandémie se poursuit pendant une période prolongée.
Mots clés:
- travail à domicile (TAD),
- genre,
- immigrant,
- niveau d’éducation,
- santé mentale
Parties annexes
Parties annexes
References
- Armour, P., Carman, K. G., Mullen, K. J., & Nataraj, S. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Changing Nature of Work Lose Your Job, Show Up to Work, or Telecommute ? RAND Corporation ; Research Reports. https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA308-4
- Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research : Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory : Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1037/ocp0000056
- Bakker, A. B., ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Prins, J. T., & der Heijden, F. M. M. A. van. (2011). Applying the job demands–resources model to the work–home interface : A study among medical residents and their partners. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.004
- Becker, G. S. (1994). Human Capital : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (3rd Edition). The University of Chicago Press.
- Brooke, J., & Jackson, D. (2020). Older people and COVID-19 : Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(13–14), 2044–2046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15274
- Canada. (2020). Economic and Fiscal Snapshot 2020 (Cat No. : F2-277/2020E-PDF). Department of Finance Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/fin/publications/efs-peb/homepage/EFS2020-eng.pdf
- Charalampous, M., Grant, C. A., Tramontano, C., & Michailidis, E. (2019). Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work : A multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1541886
- Cooke, G., Chowhan, J., & Cooper, T. (2014). Dialing it in : A Missed Opportunity Regarding the Strategic Use of Telework ? Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 69(3), 550–574. https://doi.org/10.7202/1026758ar
- Deng, Z., Morissette, R., & Messacar, D. (2020). Running the economy remotely : Potential for working from home during and after COVID-19. StatCan COVID-19 : Data to Insights for a Better Canada, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 45280001. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/45-28-0001/2020001/article/00026-eng.pdf?st=XlFlr86R
- Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home ? White Paper : Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at UChicago, 19. https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/BFI_White-Paper_Dingel_Neiman_3.2020.pdf
- Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting : Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
- Hambly, H., & Lee, J. (Donghoon). (2019). The rural telecommuter surplus in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Telecommunications Policy, 43(3), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.07.009
- Heisz, A., & Larochelle-Côté, S. (2005). Trends and Conditions in Census Metropolitan Areas : Low income in Census Metropolitan Areas. Statistics Canada : Business and Labour Market Analysis Division. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.589.220&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
- Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain : Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308.
- Lachance-Grzela, M., & Bouchard, G. (2010). Why Do Women Do the Lion’s Share of Housework ? A Decade of Research. Sex Roles, 63(11–12), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9797-z
- Moyser, M. (2017). Women and Paid Work. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2015001/article/14694-eng.htm
- Ollo-López, A., Goñi-Legaz, S., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Home-based telework : Usefulness and facilitators. International Journal of Manpower, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2020-0062
- Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). (2020). Weekly Epidemiologic summary : COVID-19 and Severe Outcomes in Ontario (COVID-19 in Ontario : January 15, 2020 to May 14, 2020). Toronto, ON : Queen’s Printer for Ontario. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/epi/COVID-19-severe-outcomes-ontario-epi-summary.pdf?la=en
- Ouellet-Léveillé, B., & Milan, A. (2019). Results from the 2016 Census : Occupations with older workers. Insights on Canadian Society, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 75-006-X, 17.
- Pelletier, R., Patterson, M., & Moyser, M. (2019). The gender wage gap in Canada : 1998 to 2018. Statistics Canada, Labour Statistics, Research Papers, Catalogue no. 75-004-M – 2019004. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/statcan/75-004-m/75-004-m2019004-eng.pdf
- Schweitzer, L., & Duxbury, L. (2006). Benchmarking the Use of Telework Arrangements in Canada. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences de l’Administration, 23(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2006.tb00684.x
- Sener, I. N., & Bhat, C. R. (2011). A Copula-Based Sample Selection Model of Telecommuting Choice and Frequency. Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space, 43(1), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43133
- Statistics Canada. (2006). 2006 Census of the Population. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm#:~:text=The%20census%20is%20designed%20to,May%2016th%20counted%2031%2C612%2C897%20Canadians.
- Statistics Canada. (2016). Definitions, data sources and methods : Immigrant. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=Unit&Id=85107
- Statistics Canada. (2020, July 14). Percentage of businesses that reported layoffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic, amounting to 50 % or more of their workforce, by sector, Canada, May 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200714/t001a-eng.htm
- Tavares, A. I. (2017). Telework and health effects review. International Journal of Healthcare, 3(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v3n2p30
- Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Risman, B. (1993). Telecommuting innovation and organization : A contingency theory of labor process change. Undefined. /paper/Telecommuting-innovation-and-organization%3A-a-theory-Tomaskovic-Devey-Risman/7771de7910ff3a3887d195b6bf4a6cca6022ad1c
- Turcotte, M. (2010). Working at home : An update. Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11-008-X(11), 11. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-008-x/2011001/article/11366-eng.pdf?st=PkxZB26J
- Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages Between the Work-family Interface and Work, Family, and Individual Outcomes : An Integrative Model. Journal of Family Issues, 23(1), 138–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02023001007
- Yssaad, L., & Fields, A. (2018). The Canadian Immigrant Labour Market : Recent Trends from 2006 to 2017. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-606-x/71-606-x2018001-eng.htm
- Zhang, S., Moeckel, R., Moreno, A. T., Shuai, B., & Gao, J. (2020). A work-life conflict perspective on telework. Transportation Research Part A : Policy and Practice, 141, 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.09.007