Résumés
Abstract
The automotive industry has long been a leader in the introduction of new forms of work organization and technology—including mass production and high performance work systems (HPWS). It has also been a focal point for how trade unions negotiate such systems. Recently, much attention has focused on Industry 4.0 (I 4.0)—a manufacturing system featuring advanced robotics, digitalization and artificial intelligence. However, in the automotive industry, I 4.0 is confronted with considerable technical and social challenges, and I 4.0 paradigms have been criticized for marginalizing the continuing importance of employees in shaping, if not ‘hybridizing,’ such new production processes.
Based on a study of UNIFOR union locals in Canadian automotive assembly plants, we argue that I 4.0 has to be analyzed in terms of the ways unions have influenced the almost universal adoption of HPWS in that sector. We thus investigate the ways unions have impacted HPWS and its implications for their roles in workplace integration of I 4.0. As such, we first argue that, while overlapping, HPWS and I 4.0 represent different managerial strategies. Second, we develop an exploratory analytical framework for use in examining union roles in negotiating HPWS and technology adoption.
Based on this framework, we then analyze 18 interviews we conducted in 2017-2018 with plant managers and key UNIFOR representatives at five southern Ontario assembly plants. The interviews illustrate not only commonalities in adoption of HPWS, but also differing ways in which the union influences the ‘hybridization’ of HPWS. Union practices differ significantly from one plant to another as a function of three variables: 1- firm-plant competitive positions; 2- the union’s overall monopoly face; and 3- internal union local solidarity and narratives around HPWS. Keeping these commonalities and differences in mind, we then consider the challenges that unions are likely to confront as they begin negotiating I 4.0.
Keywords:
- automotive industry,
- trade unions,
- high performance work systems,
- industry 4.0
Résumé
L’industrie automobile est, depuis longtemps, un chef de file dans l’introduction de nouvelles formes d’organisation du travail et de technologie, y compris la production de masse et les modèles de gestion à haute performance (MGHP, High Perfomance Work Systems-HPWS en anglais). Il a également été un point focal quant à la manière dont les syndicats négocient de tels systèmes. Récemment, une grande attention s’est portée sur l’Industrie 4.0 (I 4.0), un système de fabrication doté de la robotique avancée, du numérique et de l’intelligence artificielle. Cependant, dans l’industrie automobile, l’I 4.0 est confronté à des défis techniques et sociaux considérables. De plus, les paradigmes I 4.0 ont été critiqués pour avoir marginalisé l’importance continue des employés dans la conception, sinon ‘l’hybridation’, de ces nouveaux processus de production.
En nous fondant sur une étude des sections locales des syndicats d’UNIFOR dans les usines d’assemblage de véhicules automobiles au Canada, nous soutenons que l’I 4.0 doit être analysé en fonction de la manière dont les syndicats ont influencé l’adoption presque universelle des MGHP dans ce secteur. Nous examinons donc les effets des syndicats sur les MGHP et les implications de leur rôle dans l’intégration de l’I 4.0 sur le lieu de travail. En tant que tels, nous soutenons d’abord que, bien qu’ils se chevauchent, les MGHP et l’I 4.0 représentent des stratégies managériales différentes. Deuxièmement, nous développons un cadre d’analyse exploratoire à utiliser afin d’examiner les rôles des syndicats dans la négociation des MGHP et l’adoption de la technologie numérique.
Grâce à ce cadre d’analyse, nous analysons ensuite 18 entrevues que nous avons menées en 2017-2018 avec des directeurs d’usine et des représentants-clés d’UNIFOR dans cinq usines d’assemblage du sud de l’Ontario. Les entretiens illustrent, non seulement les points communs dans l’adoption des MGHP, mais aussi les différentes manières dont le syndicat influence ‘l’hybridation’ des MGHP. Les pratiques syndicales diffèrent significativement d’une usine à l’autre en fonction de trois variables: 1- la position concurrentielle entreprise-usine; 2- le visage global du monopole syndical; et 3- la solidarité et les récits internes du syndicat local autour de MGHP. En gardant à l’esprit ces points communs et ces différences, nous examinons, ensuite, les défis auxquels les syndicats sont susceptibles de faire face lorsqu’ils entament les négociations I 4.0.
Mots-clés:
- industrie automobile,
- syndicats,
- modèle de gestion à haute performance (MGHP ou HPWS),
- industrie 4.0
Parties annexes
Parties annexes
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