Résumés
Abstract
New digital technologies are often framed as an inevitable and determining force that presents the risk of technological unemployment and the end of work (Lloyd and Payne, 2019). In manufacturing specifically, digitalization is referred to as Industry 4.0, a term that emerged in Germany as a central economic and industrial policy and has taken on a wider resonance across Europe (Pfeiffer, 2017). In this article, we explore the workplace implications of a specific Industry 4.0 innovation. We examine the insertion of drone technology—as a timely and topical example of industrial digital technological innovation—in the steel industry.
The article brings to debates on the digital workplace a discussion of the relationship between the material forces of production and the social relations within which they are embedded (Edwards and Ramirez, 2016). Drawing on interview data from two European industrial sites, we suggest that the increasing use of drones is likely to be complicated by a number of social, economic and legal factors, the effects of which are, at best, extremely difficult to predict. Introduced for their potential as labour-saving devices, drones seemingly offer a safer and more efficient way of checking for defects in remote or inaccessible areas.
However, whilst employers might imagine that digital technologies, like drones, might substitute, replace, or intensify labour, the workplace realities described by our interviewees make insertion highly contingent. We highlight several such contingencies, with examples of the ways that the steelworkers’ interests differ from those of their employers, to discuss how the insertion of digital technologies will ultimately be shaped by the power, interests, values and visions prevailing in the workplace, as well as in the wider polity and public culture.
Keywords:
- digitalization,
- industry 4.0,
- technological innovation,
- drones,
- industrial relations
Résumé
Les nouvelles technologies numériques sont souvent présentées comme une force inévitable et déterminante qui engendre un risque de chômage technologique et de fin de travail (Lloyd et Payne, 2019). Dans le secteur manufacturier en particulier, l’avènement du numérique (digitilization en anglais) est appelée « Industrie 4.0 », un terme qui a, d’abord, émergé en Allemagne en tant que politique économique et industrielle centrale et qui a, ensuite, pris une résonance plus large à travers l’Europe (Pfeiffer, 2017). Dans cet article, nous explorons les implications sur le lieu de travail d’une innovation spécifique de l’Industrie 4.0. Nous examinons l’insertion de la technologie des drones — en tant qu’exemple actuel de l’innovation technologique numérique industrielle — dans l’industrie sidérurgique.
Se situant dans le cadre des débats sur le lieu de travail numérique, l’article introduit une discussion sur la relation entre les forces matérielles de production et les relations sociales dans lesquelles elles sont intégrées (Edwards et Ramirez, 2016). En nous appuyant sur les données d’entretiens de deux sites industriels européens, nous suggérons que l’utilisation croissante des drones sera probablement entravée par un certain nombre de facteurs sociaux, économiques et juridiques, dont les effets sont, au mieux, extrêmement difficiles à prévoir. Introduits pour leur potentiel en tant que dispositifs permettant d’économiser du travail, les drones offrent apparemment un moyen plus sûr et plus efficace de vérifier les défauts dans les zones éloignées ou inaccessibles.
Cependant, alors que les employeurs peuvent imaginer que les technologies numériques, comme les drones, sont à même de remplacer, d’éliminer ou intensifier le travail, les réalités des lieux de travail décrits par nos interviewés révèlent une insertion très contingente. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs de ces éventualités, avec des exemples de différences entre les intérêts des métallurgistes et ceux de leurs employeurs, dans le but de discuter de la manière dont l’insertion des technologies numériques sera finalement façonnée par le pouvoir, les intérêts, les valeurs et les visions qui prévalent sur les lieux de travail, ainsi que dans le système politique et la culture publique au sens large.
Mots-clés:
- numérique,
- industrie 4.0,
- innovation technologique,
- drones,
- relations industrielles
Parties annexes
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