Résumés
Abstract
Most people tend to join mainstream trade unions for instrumental motives and not so much for ideological reasons. This instrumentalism, together with the passivity of most union members, endangers members’ union loyalty and their willingness to act collectively. One possible way to de-emphasize the traditional model of service-oriented unionism and strengthen union commitment is to involve members in small union tasks. By partially assigning day-to-day union work to lay members, it is believed that over-stretched union representatives will be able to assign more time to implementing union policies of strategic importance.
The article examines to what extent new union members are willing to voluntarily engage in union tasks inspired by organizing unionism. To test this empirically, an e-survey was conducted among first-time members of a Belgian union. Predominantly young, the respondents had been members of the union for maximum of seven years. Belgium is an interesting case for exploring how member-union ties can be boosted, as it is a quintessential example of a country with a high union density characterized by instrumental and passive membership.
Following the deletion of cases with missing data, 518 observations are available for analysis. The dependent variable measures the organizing-oriented activism intent based on union tasks reflecting one-on-one organizing tactics for reaching out to potential members. A critical mass of 41.3% new members is (greatly) interested in at least one task. The regression results show that two variables derived from the planned behaviour theory significantly influence organizing-based union tasks: the pro-union context and behavioural self-control, with the latter in particular a very strong antecedent. Apart from the finding that a larger membership base is interested in performing organizing-oriented tasks, the results also, support a developmental view on union activism, i.e. a step-by-step approach to stimulating union activism via introducing various levels of union participation.
Keywords:
- trade union,
- young worker,
- union membership,
- union participation,
- organizing,
- renewal
Résumé
La plupart des gens ont tendance à s’affilier à un syndicat traditionnel pour des raisons pragmatiques, bien plus que pour des motifs idéologiques. Ce pragmatisme, conjugué à la passivité de la majorité des syndiqués, affaiblit la loyauté syndicale des affiliés et leur prédisposition à l’action collective. L’implication des membres dans des tâches syndicales plus modestes pourrait constituer une manière de sortir de ce modèle traditionnel (syndicalisme de service) et venir renforcer l’engagement syndical. En attribuant une partie du travail syndical quotidien à des membres ordinaires, les représentants syndicaux surchargés pourraient consacrer plus de temps à la mise en oeuvre des politiques syndicales d’importance stratégique.
L’article examine dans quelle mesure les nouveaux affiliés en général sont disposés à s’engager volontairement dans des tâches syndicales inspirées par un syndicalisme basé sur l’engagement des affiliés. Pour le vérifier de manière empirique, une enquête en ligne a été menée auprès des membres qui s’affilient pour la première fois auprès d’un syndicat belge. Les répondants, jeunes pour la plupart, ne sont affiliés à ce syndicat que depuis sept ans au maximum. La Belgique constitue un cas intéressant pour analyser la manière de renforcer les liens entre les syndicats et leurs membres, car il s’agit par excellence d’un pays où la présence d’un taux élevé de syndicalisation s’accompagne d’une affiliation généralement pragmatique et passive.
Une fois écartés les cas pour lesquels certaines données manquaient, 518 observations étaient disponibles pour l’analyse. La variable dépendante mesure le niveau de militantisme axé sur la mobilisation, sur la base des tâches syndicales reflétant des tactiques de recrutement face à face pour atteindre les membres potentiels. Une masse critique de 41,3 % de nouveaux membres se disent (très) intéressés par au moins une tâche. Les résultats de la régression montrent que deux variables dérivant de la théorie du comportement planifié influencent de manière significative les tâches syndicales militantes : un contexte favorable au mouvement syndical et, de manière encore plus nette, un autocontrôle du comportement. En plus de montrer que des tâches militantes peuvent intéresser une base syndicale plus large, les résultats plaident pour une approche progressive du militantisme syndical, soit une approche étape par étape qui vise à stimuler le militantisme syndical en introduisant des niveaux différents de participation syndicale.
Mots-clés:
- syndicat,
- jeunes travailleurs,
- membres,
- participation,
- renouveau organisationnel
Parties annexes
References
- Angrave David, Andy Charlwood and Ian Greenwoord (2017) “Do Economic Conditions Influence Union Activism Behavior?” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 38 (2), 344-369.
- Behrens, Martin, Kristin Hamann and Richard Hurd (2004) “Conceptualizing Labour Union Revitalization.” In Carola Frege and John Kelly (eds) Varieties of Unionism: Strategies for Union Revitalization in a Globalizing Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 11-29.
- Bergene, Ann Cecilie and Mamelund Svenn-Erik (2017) “Fit for Fight? A Cross-Sectional Study of Union Apathy in Norway.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 38 (2), 235-255.
- Buttigieg Donna M., Stephen J. Deery and Roderick D. Iverson (2014) “Voice within Trade Unions? A Test of the Voice and Loyalty Hypothesis.” Journal of Industrial Relations, 56 (1), 3-23.
- Byford, Iona (2009) “Union Renewal and Young People: Some Positive Indications from British Supermarkets.” In Gregor Gall (ed.) The Future of Union Organising. Building for Tomorrow. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 223-238.
- Clark, Paul F. (2009) Building more Effective Unions. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
- Delespaul Sam and Nadja Doerflinger (2019) “Een verlaagde prijs als motief voor vakbondslidmaatschap voor jongeren?” Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 35 (1), 1-16.
- de Turberville, Simon R. (2004) “Does the ‘Organizing Model’ Represent a Credible Union Renewal Strategy?” Work, Employment and Society, 18 (4), 775-794.
- Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, Claudia Göbel and Sebastian Koos (2011) “Social Capital, ‘Ghent’ and Workplace Contexts Matter: Comparing Union Membership in Europe.” European Journal of Industrial Relations, 17 (2), 107-124.
- Faniel, Jean (2010) “Caractéristiques et spécificités des syndicats belges.” In Étienne Arcq et al. (eds), Dynamiques de la concertation sociale. Bruxelles: CRISP, p. 93-119.
- Faniel, Jean (2012) “Crisis behind the Figures? Belgian Trade Unions between Strength, Paralysis and Revitalisation.” Management Revue, 23 (1), 14-31.
- Fiorito, Jack and Paul Jarley (2008) “Trade Union Morphology.” In Paul Blyton et al. (eds) The Sage Handbook of Industrial Relations. London: Sage, p. 189-208.
- Fiorito, Jack, Gregor Gall and Arthur D. Martinez (2010) “Activism and Willingness to Help in Union Organizing: Who Are the Activists?” Journal of Labor Research, 31 (3), 263-284.
- Fiorito, Jack, Irene Padavic and Philip S. DeOrtentiis (2015) “Reconsidering Union Activism and its Meaning.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 53 (3), 556-579.
- Frege, Carola and John Kelly, eds (2004) Varieties of Unionism: Strategies for Union Revitalization in a Globalizing Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fullagar, Clive J., Daniel G. Gallagher, Clark Paul J. and Anthony E. Carroll (2004) “Union Commitment and Participation: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (4), 730-737.
- Gall, Gregor and Jack Fiorito (2012) “Union Commitment and Activism in Britain and the United States: Searching for Synthesis and Synergy for Renewal.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50 (2), 189-213.
- Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca and Richard Hyman (2013) Trade Unions in Western Europe. Hard Times, Hard Choices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Heckscher, Charles and John McCarthy (2014) “Transient Solidarities: Commitment and Collective Action in Postindustrial Societies.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52 (4), 627-657.
- Johnson, Nancy Brown and Paul Jarley (2005) “Unions as Social Capital: The Impact of Trade Union Youth Programs on Young Workers’ Political and Community Engagement.” Transfer, 11 (4), 605-616.
- Heery, Edmund (2005) “Sources of Change in Trade Unions.” Work, Employment and Society, 19 (1), 91-106.
- Hickey, Robert, Sarosh Kuruvilla and Lakhani Tashlin (2010) “No Panacea for Success: Member Activism, Organizing and Union Renewal.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48 (1), 53-83.
- Hodder Andy (2014) “Organising Young Workers in the Public and Commercial Services Union.” Industrial Relations Journal, 45 (2), 153-168.
- Hodder, Andy and Lefteris Kretsos, eds (2015) Young Workers and Trade Unions. A Global View. Bastingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Holgate, Jane, Simms Melanie and Maite Tapia (2018) “The Limitations of the Theory and Practice of Mobilization in Trade Union Organizing.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 39 (4), 599-616.
- Hurd, Richard (2004) “The Rise and Fall of the Organizing Model in the US.” In Mark Harcourt and Geoffrey Wood (eds.) Trade Unions and Democracy: Strategies and Perspectives. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 191-210.
- Hyman, Richard (2007) “How Can Trade Unions Act Strategically.” Transfer, 13 (2), 193-210.
- Ibsen, Christian Lyhne and Maite Tapia (2017) “Trade Union Revitalisation: Where Are We Now? Where to Next?” Journal of Industrial Relations, 59 (2), 170-191.
- Leschke, Janine and Kurt Vandaele (2018) “Explaining Leaving Union Membership by the Degree of Labour Market Attachment: Exploring the Case of Germany.” Industrial and Economic Democracy, 39 (1), 64-86.
- Liagre, Pieter and Guy Van Gyes (2012) Important of Resources: Investigating Union Activism at the Workplace with the Job Demands-Resources Model. Montreal, International CRIMT Conference, October 25-27.
- McAlavey, Jane F. (2016) No Shortcuts. Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Milkman, Ruth (2017) “A New Political Generation. Millennials and the Post-2008 Wave of Protest.” American Sociological Review, 82 (1), 1-31.
- Nissen, Bruce (1998) “Utilizing the Membership to Organize the Unorganized.” In Kate Bronfenbrenner et al. (eds) Organizing to Win. New Research on Union Strategies. Ithaca: ILR Press, p. 135-149.
- Op den Kamp, Helena and Guy Van Gyes (2009) 58 kaarsjes voor het sociale overlegmodel. Sociale verkiezingen van 1950 tot 2008. Leuven: HIVA.
- PCS (2015) National Organising Strategy. London: Public and Commercial Services Union.
- Scheuer, Steen (2011) “Union Membership Variation in Europe: A Ten-Country Comparative Analysis.” European Journal of Industrial Relations, 17 (1), 57-73.
- Simms, Melanie and Jane Holgate (2010) “Organising for What? Where is the Debate on the Politics of Organising?” Work, Employment and Society, 24 (1), 157-168.
- Simms, Melanie, Jane Holgate and Edmund Heery (2013) Union Voices: Tactics and Tensions in UK Organizing. Ithaca: ILR Press.
- Smith, Christopher, Linda Duxbury and Michael Halinski (2019) “It Is not Just about Paying your Dues: Impact of Generational Cohort on Active and Passive Union Participation.” Human Resource Management Journal, 29 (3), 371-394.
- Snape, Ed and Tom Redman (2004) “Exchange or Convenient? The Nature of the Member-Union Relationship.” Industrial Relations, 43 (4), 855-873.
- Tapia, Maite and Lowell Turner (2018) “Renewed Activism for the Labor Movement: The Urgency of Young Worker Engagement.” Work and Occupations, 45 (4), 391-419.
- Tetrick, Lois E., Lynn M. Shore, Lucy Newton Mcclurg and Robert J. Vandenberg (2007) “A Model of Union Participation: The Impact of Perceived Union Support, Union Instrumentality, and Union Loyalty.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (3), 820-828.
- Upchurch, Martin, Richard Croucher and Flynn Matt (2012) “Political Congruence and Trade Union Renewal.” Work, Employment and Society, 26 (5), 857-868.
- Van Gyes, Guy (1999) “Was het orkest goed? Kritische bespreking van de ACV-congrestekst ‘basissyndicalisme.’” De Gids op Maatschappelijk Gebied, 90 (2), 13-25.
- Van Rie, Tim, Ive Marx and Jeroen Horemans (2011) “Ghent Revisited: Unemployment Insurance and Union Membership in Belgium and the Nordic Countries.” European Journal of Industrial Relations, 17 (2), 125-139.
- Vandaele, Kurt (2018) “How Can Trade Unions Connect with Young Workers?” In Jacqueline O’Reilly, Janine Leschke, Renate Ortlieb, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser and Paola Villa (eds.), Youth Labor in Transition: Inequalities, Mobility and Policies in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 660-688.
- Waddington, Jeremy (2015) “Trade Union Membership Retention in Europe: The Challenge of Difficult Times.” European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21 (3), 205-221.