Résumés
Abstract
We examine the ways in which two major and related governmental institutions of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and government controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), exert different effects on the attitudes and behaviour of people toward the environment. Our motivation is to see which institution is more effective in making individuals ‘aware’ of environmental issues, expressing a ‘willingness to pay’ to alleviate the problems, and ultimately to ‘act’ on the issue by altering their behaviour.
Based on theories of planned behaviour and social learning, we hypothesize that membership in the CPC as well as in the ACFTU fosters an ‘awareness’ of environmental problems and a ‘willingness to make a sacrifice’ to protect the environment, but that members of the ACFTU are more likely than members of the CPC to act on the issue by altering their behaviour.
We test our hypothesis based on a nationally representative sample (n = 3112) from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). Our results indicate that both the Party and the union have positive effects on ‘awareness’ and ‘willingness to pay’, but the union effect is generally stronger and only it (and not the Party) affects individual behaviour toward protecting the environment.
Unions in China are generally regarded as having little or no independent power to organize workers and engage in free collective bargaining. Their role is to foster harmony between workers and employers and to co-opt grassroots actions, wildcat strikes and the growth of independent unions, all in the interest of fostering stability and growth. While this is undoubtedly the case, our results are consistent with an emerging view of a more variegated picture of Chinese trade unions that highlights some more positive elements, in our case, fostering ‘actions’ to improve the environment in China.
Keywords:
- China,
- environment,
- institutions,
- unions,
- Communist Party of China,
- attitudes,
- behaviour
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous examinons comment le Parti communiste chinois (PCC) et la Fédération nationale des syndicats de Chine (FNSC), deux grandes institutions gouvernementales apparentées, exercent de multiples influences sur les attitudes et les comportements des individus envers l’environnement. Notre objectif est de cerner quelle institution parvient le mieux à rendre les individus davantage conscients des problèmes environnementaux, à susciter chez eux la volonté de défrayer les coûts liés à leur atténuation, et enfin, à les pousser à passer à l’action en modifiant leur comportement.
En nous appuyant sur les théories du comportement planifié et de l’apprentissage social, nous émettons les hypothèses que l’appartenance au PCC ou à la FNSC favorise la conscientisation environnementale et la disposition à faire des sacrifices pour protéger l’environnement, mais que les membres de la FNSC auront davantage tendance à passer à l’action sur les questions environnementales en modifiant leur comportement.
Nous testons nos hypothèses sur base d’un échantillon de niveau national (n = 3112) tiré du Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) de 2010. Nos résultats indiquent que le PCC et la FNSC influencent tous deux positivement la conscientisation des individus et leur volonté de contribuer à la protection de l’environnement. Les effets de la FNSC sont, cependant, généralement plus marqués et elle seule influence leur comportement concernant la protection de l’environnement.
Les syndicats en Chine sont généralement vus comme ayant peu ou pas d’indépendance dans le cadre de la syndicalisation des travailleurs et de la négociation collective. Leur rôle consiste plutôt à favoriser une relation harmonieuse entre employés et employeurs, à contrer les actions de terrain, les grèves sauvages et la croissance des syndicats indépendants, cela dans l’objectif d’assurer la stabilité et la croissance économique. Bien que ce soit indéniablement le cas, les résultats de notre étude concordent avec une nouvelle conception plus nuancée du syndicalisme chinois qui souligne également des éléments positifs, en l’occurrence, l’encouragement à poser des actions afin d’améliorer l’environnement en Chine.
Mots-clés:
- Chine,
- environnement,
- institutions,
- syndicats,
- Parti communiste chinois,
- attitudes,
- comportements
Resumen
Examínanos las formas en que dos importantes instituciones gubernamentales de China, vinculadas entre sí, el Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) y la Federación nacional de sindicatos de China (FNSCh) controlada por el gobierno, ejercen múltiples influencias en las actitudes y el comportamiento de las personas respecto al medio ambiente. Nuestra motivación es distinguir qué institución es más eficaz para « concientizar » las personas sobre las cuestiones ambientales, incentivar su voluntad de contribuir a aliviar los problemas y, en última instancia, pasar a la acción mediante un cambio de comportamiento.
Basándose en teorías del comportamiento planificado y del aprendizaje social, suponemos que la pertenencia al PCCh y a la FNSC fomenta la conciencia de los problemas ambientales y la voluntad de sacrificarse para proteger el medio ambiente, pero que los miembros de la FNSCh tienen más probabilidades que los miembros del PCCh de actuar sobre la cuestión modificando su comportamiento.
Ponemos a prueba nuestra hipótesis sobre la base de una muestra representativa a nivel nacional (n=3112) de la Encuesta Social General de China (ESGCh). Nuestros resultados indican que tanto el Partido como el sindicato tienen efectos positivos en la conciencia y la voluntad de contribuir, pero el efecto sindical es generalmente más fuerte y sólo él (y no el Partido) influye en el comportamiento individual con respecto a la protección del medio ambiente.
En general se considera que los sindicatos en China tienen poco o ningún poder independiente para organizar a los trabajadores y participar en la negociación colectiva libre. Su papel es fomentar la armonía entre trabajadores y empleadores y evitar las acciones populares, las huelgas salvajes y el crecimiento de sindicatos independientes, todo en el interés de fomentar la estabilidad y el desarrollo. Si bien este es sin duda el caso, nuestros resultados son consistentes con una visión emergente de una imagen más variada de los sindicatos chinos que resalta algunos elementos más positivos, en nuestro caso, fomentando acciones para mejorar el medio ambiente en China.
Palabras claves:
- China,
- medio ambiente,
- instituciones,
- sindicatos,
- Partido Comunista de China,
- actitudes,
- comportamiento
Parties annexes
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