Résumés
Summary
Using the large-scale Korean Workplace Panel Survey, this study examines the interplay between international diversification, labour flexibility, and workplace-level performance in the context of advanced emerging markets. Filling the gap in the literature on the international diversification-performance (IDP) relationship, which focuses primarily on firm-level characteristics and overlooks the role of labour factors as contingent variables, we draw attention to the workplace level dynamics by exploring how the two types of labour flexibility—functional and numerical flexibility—moderate the impact of international diversification on performance. The results show that when workplaces invest in training for job enlargement and employee involvement programs that lead to the enhancement of functional flexibility, the link between international diversification and performance can be strengthened.
This finding supports the assertion in the international HRM literature that, in the ever-globalized business environment, investment in human capital is a better strategy for improving financial performance in the long run. Furthermore, we find that numerical flexibility, as measured by in-house subcontracting arrangements, has a negative impact on the IDP relationship. Overall, our study suggests that the quality of human resources and a well-designed workplace configuration may still help improve performance in the context of international diversification, whereas excessive dependence on employment externalization for cost reduction is likely to hurt not only financial performance but also long-term sustainability. We also believe that our findings on the advanced emerging market economy complement insights from previous studies, which are largely based on Western developed economies, thus enriching current theories on labour flexibility.
Keywords:
- international diversification,
- functional flexibility,
- numerical flexibility,
- workplace performance
Résumé
En s’appuyant sur une enquête à grande échelle, le « Panel d’enquête coréen sur les milieux de travail » (Korean Workplace Panel Survey), la présente étude examine l’interaction entre diversification internationale, flexibilité du travail et rendement au travail en contexte de marchés avancés émergents. Afin de combler les écarts dans la littérature sur la relation entre rendement et diversification internationale — laquelle met principalement l’accent sur les caractéristiques de l’entreprise et néglige le rôle des facteurs liés au travail comme variables conditionnelles —, nous attirons l’attention sur les dynamiques en cours au niveau du milieu de travail en explorant comment les deux types de flexibilité du travail, soit la flexibilité fonctionnelle et la flexibilité numérique, atténuent l’effet de la diversification internationale sur le rendement. Les résultats montrent que lorsque, dans les milieux de travail, on investit dans des programmes de formation en vue de l’élargissement des tâches et la participation des salariés afin d’accroître la flexibilité fonctionnelle, le lien entre diversification internationale et rendement devrait se renforcir.
Ces résultats appuient l’assertion de la littérature internationale sur la gestion des ressources humaines à l’effet que, dans un environnement commercial sans cesse globalisé, l’investissement en capital humain constitue une meilleure stratégie pour améliorer la performance financière à long terme. De plus, nous constatons que la flexibilité numérique, telle que déterminée dans les ententes de sous-traitance internes, a une influence négative sur la relation entre rendement et diversification internationale. Globalement, notre étude suggère que la qualité des ressources humaines et une configuration bien conçue du milieu de travail peuvent aider à améliorer la performance dans un environnement de diversification internationale, tandis qu’une dépendance excessive à l’égard de l’externalisation de l’emploi dans le but de réduire les coûts est susceptible de plomber non seulement la performance financière, mais aussi le développement à long terme. Nous pensons également que nos résultats relatifs à une économie de marché émergente avancée ajoutent aux observations rapportées dans d’autres études qui portaient principalement sur les économies occidentales avancées, constituent un enrichissement des théories actuelles sur la flexibilité du travail.
Mots-clés :
- diversification internationale,
- flexibilité fonctionnelle,
- flexibilité numérique,
- rendement au travail
Resumen
Utilizando una encuesta de gran escala, la Korean Workplace Panel Survey, este estudio examina la interacción entre la diversificación internacional, la flexibilidad laboral y el rendimiento en el lugar de trabajo en el contexto de mercados emergentes en avance. Cubriendo el vacío dejado en la literatura respecto a la relación entre rendimiento y diversificación internacional (RDI) que focaliza principalmente las características a nivel de la firma y subestima el rol de los factores laborales como variables contingentes, nosotros llamamos la atención sobre las dinámicas del lugar de trabajo explorando cómo dos tipos de flexibilidad — flexibilidad funcional y numérica — moderan el impacto de la diversificación internacional sobre el rendimiento. Los resultados muestran que cuando los lugares de trabajo invierten en la formación para ampliar las funciones del empleo y en programas de implicación de los empleados que conducen a ampliar la flexibilidad funcional, el vínculo entre diversificación internacional y rendimiento puede ser reforzado.
Este resultado apoya la afirmación proveniente de la literatura internacional en gestión de recursos humanos, que en el contexto de negocio cada vez más globalizado, la inversión en el capital humano es una mejor estrategia para mejorar el rendimiento financiero a largo plazo. Es más, encontramos que la flexibilidad numérica, como medida por los arreglos de subcontratación interna, tiene un impacto negativo sobre la relación entre el rendimiento y la diversificación internacional. En su conjunto, nuestro estudio sugiere que la calidad de recursos humanos y una configuración bien diseñada del lugar de trabajo pueden ayudar a mejorar el rendimiento en el contexto de diversificación, mientras que la excesiva dependencia de la externalización del empleo con miras a la reducción de costo es probable que perjudiquen no solo el rendimiento financiero sino también la perdurabilidad a largo plazo. Creemos también que nuestros resultados sobre la economía avanzada de mercados emergentes complementan los conclusiones de estudios previos, ampliamente basados en las economías desarrolladas del Oeste, y enriquecen las actuales teorías sobre la flexibilidad laboral.
Palabras clave:
- diversificación internacional,
- flexibilidad funcional,
- flexibilidad numérica,
- rendimiento del lugar de trabajo
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