Résumés
Abstract
When it comes to negotiating over a collective dismissals plan, the French national legal framework explicitly encourages social partners to favour outplacement services over significant indemnity payments. However, significant above-mandatory redundancy payments are commonly granted to laid-off workers. Based on these factual observations, this article aims to identify the antecedent conditions, or, more precisely, the combinations of conditions, that lead to the granting of a large severance pay. We conducted a qualitative comparative analysis (Crisp set QCA) methodology applied to 20 monographs on downsizing operations that took place in France during the 2000s. The results show that above-mandatory severance payments are closely related to two major dimensions characterizing the economic and social context in which restructuring processes are carried out. The first one is about the balance of power prevailing between the company decisionmakers and the employees. This balance of power dimension is subsumed by two distinct conditions: the availability of financial resources and the presence of active unions. The second dimension relates to the moral and economic damages inflicted upon laid-off workers. This dimension is intrinsically connected to two downsizing process features, i.e. the perceived degree of legitimacy associated with the downsizing process and the degree of employability associated with the laid-off workers. Most notably, it appears that none of the identified conditions is sufficient by itself to induce the payment of a significant above-mandatory indemnity. However, some causal conditions may induce the outcome variable when they are combined with some specific other antecedent conditions. Thus, our research shows that the financial resource condition leads to the granting of an above-mandatory indemnity either in conjunction with a low degree of worker’s employability or in conjunction with both a weak perceived legitimacy of the restructuring process and the presence of active unions.
Keywords:
- downsizing,
- restructuring,
- employment,
- severance pay,
- industrial relations,
- qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)
Résumé
Les dispositifs légaux français qui encadrent les suppressions d’emplois incitent explicitement les partenaires sociaux à négocier des accords mettant l’accent sur le reclassement des salariés licenciés plutôt que sur l’indemnisation financière. Pourtant, l’octroi d’indemnités supra-légales semble bien inscrit dans les pratiques des entreprises françaises. Cet article tente d’identifier les conditions ou, plus précisément, les combinaisons de conditions qui conduisent à l’octroi d’indemnités supra-légales. Pour cela, nous avons mené une analyse qualitative comparée (Crisp set QCA) de 20 cas de restructurations ayant eu lieu en France au cours de la décennie 2000. Les résultats montrent que les indemnités de licenciement sont conditionnées par deux dimensions principales du contexte économique et social dans lequel se déroulent les suppressions d’emplois. D’une part, l’instauration d’un rapport de force favorable aux salariés est nécessaire. Celui-ci dépend soit de la disponibilité de ressources financières, soit de la présence de syndicats actifs. D’autre part, il est nécessaire qu’il y ait un préjudice moral ou économique infligé aux salariés licenciés. Le préjudice moral est lié à la légitimité de la décision de suppression d’emploi. Le préjudice économique s’avère lié à l’employabilité des salariés concernés. Nous montrons plus précisément qu’aucune de ces conditions n’est suffisante pour expliquer à elle seule les indemnités supra-légales, mais qu’il faut s’attacher à l’identification de combinaisons de conditions. Il en ressort que la disponibilité de ressources financières est une condition nécessaire au versement d’indemnités supra-légales, mais qu’elle doit être combinée soit avec une faible employabilité des salariés soit avec une combinaison associant une faible légitimité de l’opération ainsi que la présence de syndicats actifs et organisés.
Mots-clés:
- suppressions d’emplois,
- restructurations,
- licenciements,
- indemnités,
- relations sociales,
- analyse qualitative comparative (AQC-QCA en anglais)
Resumen
En situación de negociación de un plan colectivo de despidos, el marco legal en Francia incita explícitamente las partes a favorecer los servicios de recolocación en lugar de los pagos significativos de indemnización. Sin embargo, es muy común de otorgar indemnizaciones superiores al monto legal a los trabajadores despedidos. Basado en estas observaciones factuales, este artículo trata de identificar las condiciones precedentes o, más precisamente, las combinaciones de condiciones que llevan al otorgamiento de un monto mayor de indemnización. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo comparativo aplicando la metodología (Crisp set QCA) a 20 monografías sobre las operaciones de reducción de personal llevadas a cabo durante la década 2000. Los resultados muestran que el pago de indemnizaciones superiores al monto legal está estrechamente vinculado a dos dimensiones características del contexto económico y social en el que se llevan a cabo los procesos de restructuración. La primera se refiere a la correlación de fuerzas predominante entre los decidores de la compañía y los empleados. Dicha correlación de fuerzas depende, de un lado, de la disponibilidad de recursos financieros y del otro, de la presencia activa de sindicatos. La segunda dimensión incumbe los daños y perjuicios morales y económicos infligidos a los trabajadores despedidos. Esta dimensión está intrínsecamente vinculada a dos características del proceso de reducción de personal: (1) la percepción de legitimidad del proceso de reducción de personal y (2) el nivel de empleabilidad de los trabajadores despedidos. El análisis hace resaltar que ninguna de las condiciones identificadas es suficiente en sí misma para explicar el pago de indemnizaciones significativamente superiores al monto legal. Pero ciertas condiciones causales pueden inducir el resultado si son combinadas con otras condiciones específicas precedentes. Así, los resultados de nuestra investigación muestran que la disponibilidad de los recursos financieros lleva a otorgar indemnizaciones superiores al monto legal, solamente si otra condición es también presente: sea un nivel bajo de empleabilidad de los trabajadores, sea un nivel bajo de legitimidad percibida del proceso de restructuración combinado a la presencia activa de sindicatos.
Palabras claves:
- reducción de personal,
- restructuración,
- empleo,
- indemnización de despido,
- relaciones industriales,
- análisis cualitativo comparativo (QCA)
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