Résumés
Abstract
Although the literature on comparative capitalism has been expanded to encompass the Mixed Market Economies (MMEs) of the Mediterranean world and other less mature institutional arrangements, it can be argued that more attention needs to be accorded to internal diversity within capitalist archetypes and the nature and path of change. In focusing on the latter, this paper explores changes in Industrial relations (Ir) regulation and practice in Greece which, since the onset of the economic crisis, has shifted towards lighter regulation; however, liberalization has not meant convergence with the mature Liberal Market Economy (LME) model and its presumed associated complementarities. Based on current developments and advances in the literature on comparative capitalism, this study explores the process and dynamics of institutional change, and the long continuities that set Greece apart from both ‘disorganized’ LMEs and other MMEs. This encompasses issues such as the composition of elites, the nature of institutional path dependence and change, and the uneven and partial nature of what constitutes institutional functionality. Whilst the Greek system is commonly condemned as dysfunctional, it satisfies specific economic interests. Being impelled in one direction by a progressive movement from below, it is driven in another by external pressures, and, at home, by “unpatriotic” elites, who have little interest in stronger regulation, and may well be served by weaker governmental capabilities. As local economic elites seek to reposition themselves within the system in order to cope with shifts in the capitalist economy, it may result in them further narrowing their focus onto their own immediate concerns accommodated through economic liberalization. Smaller, marginal, players may be pushed further out of the system and/or actively choose to withdraw, the attempts of the present government to ameliorate the shocks of liberalization notwithstanding. This vests the organized labour and other civil society associations with great historic importance.
Keywords:
- Greek capitalism,
- varieties of capitalism,
- capitalist diversity,
- austerity,
- institutional change,
- elite theory
Résumé
Bien que la littérature sur le capitalisme comparé ait élargi son champ d’étude aux économies de marché mixtes (EMM) du monde méditerranéen et à d’autres arrangements institutionnels moins évolués, il serait important de se pencher plus attentivement sur la diversité interne des archétypes capitalistes ainsi que sur la nature et la trajectoire du changement. À cette fin, l’article examine les changements survenus sur les plans de la régulation et de la pratique des relations industrielles en Grèce, un pays qui a allégé sa régulation depuis le début de la crise économique. Cependant, la libéralisation ne s’est pas traduite par une convergence vers le modèle de libre marché et vers les présumées complémentarités qui y sont associées. À la lumière de l’évolution et des progrès de la littérature sur le capitalisme comparé, les auteurs analysent le processus et la dynamique du changement institutionnel ainsi que les longues continuités qui distinguent la Grèce des économies de marché libérales et autres économies de marché mixtes « désorganisées ». Leur regard s’attarde à différents enjeux comme la composition des élites, la nature de la dépendance institutionnelle au sentier et au changement, ainsi qu’au caractère inégal et partiel de ce qui constitue la fonctionnalité institutionnelle. Bien qu’il soit généralement jugé dysfonctionnel, le régime grec satisfait néanmoins des intérêts économiques particuliers. Tiré de l’avant par un mouvement progressiste issu de la base, il est en même temps poussé dans une direction opposée par des pressions extérieures et, sur place, par des élites « dépourvues de fibre patriotique », peu intéressées par un renforcement de la régulation et, parfois, mieux servies par un gouvernement aux capacités réduites. Au moment où les élites économiques locales cherchent à se repositionner dans le système pour s’adapter à une économie capitaliste en transformation, ces dernières pourraient être enclines à centrer davantage leurs efforts sur leurs propres intérêts immédiats, intérêts qui se trouvent confortés par une libéralisation économique. Certains joueurs plus modestes et marginaux pourraient être exclus du système ou décider eux-mêmes de s’en retirer, sans égard aux mesures prises par l’actuel gouvernement pour tenter d’amortir les chocs provoqués par la libéralisation. Une telle situation conférerait aux syndicats et à aux autres organisations de la société civile une importance historique considérable.
Mots-clés:
- capitalisme grec,
- variétés du capitalisme,
- diversité des capitalismes,
- austérité,
- changement institutionnel,
- théorie des élites
Resumen
Aunque la literatura sobre el capitalismo comparativo se ha extendido para incluir las economías de mercado mixto (EMM) del mundo Mediterráneo y otros acuerdos institucionales menos maduros, se puede argumentar la importancia de prestar mayor atención a la diversidad interna dentro de los arquetipos capitalistas y a la naturaleza y las configuraciones de cambio. Centrándose en este último, el artículo explora los cambios en la regulación y la práctica de las relaciones industriales en Grecia, los cuales, desde el comienzo de la crisis económica, se han tornado hacia una reglamentación más ligera; sin embargo, la liberalización no ha significado convergencia con el modelo de economía liberal de mercado (ELM) y sus presumidas complementariedades asociadas. Basado en los desarrollos en curso y en los avances de la literatura sobre el capitalismo comparativo, este estudio explora el proceso y las dinámicas de los cambios institucionales y las vastas continuidades que sitúan la Grecia aparte de ambos modelos, el “desorganizado” ELM y las otras EMM. Esto hace resaltar otros problemas como la composición de las élites, la naturaleza de la trayectoria institucional de dependencia y cambio, y la naturaleza inconsistente y parcial de lo que constituye su funcionalidad institucional. A pesar que el sistema griego es comúnmente condenado como disfuncional, él satisface ciertos intereses específicos. Siendo impulsado hacia una dirección por un movimiento progresivo desde la base, él es conducido hacia otra dirección por las presiones externas y, al interior, por las elites “antipatriotas”, que tienen poco interés por una regulación fuerte y que podrían beneficiar de las capacidades gubernamentales debilitadas. Como las elites económicas locales buscan a reposicionarse en el sistema de manera a adaptarse a los cambios en la economía capitalista, esto puede dar lugar a una mayor focalización en sus propias preocupaciones inmediatas con miras a acomodarse mediante la liberalización económica. Otros actores más pequeños y marginales pueden ser empujados a alejarse del sistema y/o escoger activamente de retirarse, a pesar de los intentos del gobierno actual para mejorar las conmociones de la liberalización. Esto procura una gran importancia histórica a las organizaciones laborales y a las otras asociaciones civiles de la sociedad.
Palabras claves:
- capitalismo griego,
- variedades de capitalismo,
- diversidad capitalista,
- austeridad,
- cambio institucional,
- teoría de elites
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgement
The authors are indebted to the insightful comments and insights of the anonymous referees.
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