Résumés
Abstract
This paper examines how employees experience flexible workplace practices (FWPs), such as flex-time, in the context of small firms. Past research consistently documents that employees’ experiences vary according to whether or not the workplace culture is supportive of FWPs and work-life balance needs. Studies, however, typically use individual level data or focus on large companies. Little research has focused on the experiences of employees of small firms. Possibly, employees of small firms have somewhat unique experiences of FWPs because of the workplace context. Like past research, this paper considers how gender and age relations structure the workplace. Also taken into account are the control strategies that management employs over the workforce.
Data are taken from a Canadian study on small information technology (IT) firms that employed between four and 21 individuals. A multiple case study of 17 firms is conducted using web-surveys, semi-structured interviews, case study reports, field notes, and HR policy documents. Three different workplace contexts emerged among study firms based on their flexibility and workplace culture with respect to time. Some of these workplaces reproduced hegemonic gender, age, and class expectations, whereas others somewhat challenged them. The three firm-types did not vary according to firm-specific characteristics, such as business specialization, but patterns with regard to age and gender characteristics of the owners and employees were evident. Employees’ experiences varied according to where they worked. The findings suggest that similar and different processes occur in small firms compared to the large companies often studied in the literature. Like large firms, small firms are not neutral or based on a consensus. Small firm employees, however, may be considerably more vulnerable.
Keywords:
- alternative work arrangements,
- flex-time,
- work-life balance,
- small enterprises
Résumé
Cet article rend compte de la manière dont les employés vivent les pratiques de flexibilité en milieu de travail (PFMT), telle que le temps flexible, dans le contexte de petites entreprises. Les recherches passées rapportent continuellement que les expériences vécues par les employés varient selon que la culture organisationnelle offre un soutien aux PFMT et en fonction des besoins de conciliation travail-vie personnelle. Ces études, toutefois, recourent habituellement à des données au niveau des individus ou encore se concentrent sur les grandes entreprises. Peu de recherche se sont consacrées à l’expérience vécue par les employés dans de petites entreprises. Ces employés connaissent peut-être des expériences uniques en matière de PFMT à cause du contexte de leur milieu de travail. Comme dans le cadre de recherches antérieures, cet article considère le rôle de l’âge et du genre dans la structuration des relations en milieu de travail. Sont aussi prises en compte les stratégies de contrôle de main-d’oeuvre pratiquées par la direction.
Les données proviennent d’une étude canadienne sur les petites entreprises des technologies d’information (TI) qui emploient entre quatre et vingt et une personnes. Une analyse de cas multiple a été menée comprenant des sondages sur le Web, des entrevues semi-structurées, des rapports d’études de cas et, de la documentation sur les politiques de ressources humaines en vigueur. Trois types de milieu de travail différents ressortent parmi les entreprises étudiées sur la base de leur culture de flexibilité et d’organisation du milieu de travail par rapport au temps. Certains de ces milieux reproduisent les attentes d’hégémonie en matière de genre, âge et culture organisationnelle, tandis que d’autres les mettent plutôt au défi. Les trois types d’entreprises ne se distinguent pas selon leurs caractéristiques spécifiques tel leur domaine de spécialisation, mais des modèles sont apparus évidents selon les caractéristiques d’âge et de genre des dirigeants et des employés. Les expériences vécues par les employés varient selon l’entreprise pour laquelle ils travaillent. Ces résultats suggèrent la présence de processus similaires ou différents dans les petites entreprises comparativement aux grandes entreprises souvent retenues pour fins d’études dans la littérature. Comme les grandes entreprises, les plus petites ne sont pas neutres ou ne procèdent pas par consensus et leurs employés peuvent se retrouver en position de grande vulnérabilité.
Mots-clés :
- organisations du travail alternatives,
- temps flexible,
- conciliation travail-vie personnelle,
- petites entreprises
Resumen
Este artículo examina cómo los empleados experimentan las prácticas de trabajo flexible (PTFs), tales como el horario flexible, y esto, en el contexto de pequeñas empresas. Una investigación precedente documenta consistentemente que las experiencias de los empleados varían según que la cultura del lugar de trabajo apoya o no las PTFs y las necesidades del equilibrio trabajo-vida personal. Los estudios, sin embargo, usan típicamente datos de nivel individual o focalizan las grandes empresas. Pocas investigaciones han focalizado las experiencias de empleados de pequeñas empresas. Es posible que los empleados de pequeñas empresas tengan experiencias muy particulares de PTFs dado el contexto del lugar de trabajo. Como otras investigaciones, este artículo considera cómo las relaciones de género y de edad estructuran el lugar de trabajo. Se toma también en cuenta las estrategias de control que utiliza la dirección sobre la fuerza de trabajo.
Los datos provienen de un estudio canadiense sobre las pequeñas empresas de tecnologías de la información que emplean entre cuatro y 21 individuos. Un estudio múltiple de casos de 17 empresas es realizada con encuestas vía internet, entrevistas semi-estructuradas, informes de estudios de casos, notas de terreno, y análisis de documentos de políticas de recursos humanos. Tres contextos diferentes de lugares de trabajo emergen del estudio de empresas basado en su respectiva flexibilidad y cultura interna con respecto al tiempo. Algunos de estos lugares de trabajo reproducen las expectativas de hegemonía de género, de edad y de clase, mientras otras cuestionaban a diferentes niveles estos valores. Las tres empresatipo no varían según las características específicas de empresa, tales como especialización comercial, pero los patterns relativos a las características de edad y de género de los propietarios y de los empleados fueron evidentes. Las experiencias de los empleados varían según el lugar donde ellos trabajan. Los resultados sugieren que procesos similares y diferentes se viven en las pequeñas empresas comparativamente a las grandes empresas que son estudiadas con más frecuencia en la literatura. Tal como las grandes empresas, las pequeñas empresas no son neutrales o basadas en el consenso. Los empleados de pequeñas empresas, sin embargo, pueden vivir una mayor vulnerabilidad.
Palabras clave:
- arreglos alternativos de trabajo,
- horario flexible,
- equilibrio trabajo-vida personal,
- pequeñas empresas
Parties annexes
References
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