Résumés
Summary
In many nations, women’s labour market presence is significant though it tends to lag that of men on most indices, including pay and seniority. The ramifications of such are huge for women’s experience of employment, their circumstances in other spheres, and thus societal progress. Employment relations (ER) regulation seeks to structure equitable access to and progress within the labour market. However, despite on-going, work-related gender inequities, there is a relative dearth of cross-national (particularly South Pacific), gender-focused analyses. This constrains the development of theory and policy geared towards gender equality in the labour market.
This paper thus compares how recent collective ER regulatory initiatives have been applied in New Zealand (NZ) and Fiji, amid shared and unique national and international conditions. Martin and Bamber’s (2004, 2005) ER system model frames an analysis of qualitative survey responses and documentary evidence to more particularly assess the meaning of ER regulation for working women. It emerges that the achievement of gender equality via regulatory instruments has proven elusive, particularly in Fiji. A withering of formal employment regulation and its decentralisation in NZ; weakly implemented regulation in Fiji’s politically tumultuous setting; and the space left by a shift away from collective bargaining in both contexts has not been replaced by social dialogue, fundamental social rights, and in Fiji, regulatory enforcement. This has contributed to deteriorating circumstances for some working women in NZ and comparatively more in Fiji. However, informants showed a preference for certain regulatory measures for improving working women’s situation, concurring that stronger formal regulation of ER, tripartism and effective enforcement are needed in both nations, and that particular issues for working women require tailored responses.
The paper discusses how ER regulatory measures might be theorised in terms of improving working women’s context-bound circumstances in Fiji and NZ, and with regard to the infusion of gender-related and socio-cultural values in wider economic and political approaches. It also examines how regulatory initiatives might operate and impact in a more gender-sensitive way by being re-couched in ‘win-win’, inter-connected terms for different ER stakeholders. For Fiji, much hope also rests on its return to democratic rule, and for both countries, on strengthened union activity.
Keywords:
- women,
- employment,
- regulation,
- collectivism,
- New Zealand,
- Fiji
Résumé
Dans plusieurs pays, la présence des femmes sur le marché du travail est significative, bien qu’elle accuse du retard sur celle des hommes au niveau de plusieurs indicateurs, notamment les salaires et l’ancienneté. Les répercussions de cette situation sont immenses sur l’expérience d’emploi des femmes, leur conditions dans d’autres sphères d’activités et, par conséquent, sur le progrès social. La régulation des relations d’emploi (RE) cherche, entre autres choses, à développer des structures pouvant générer plus d’équité dans l’accès et la progression sur le marché du travail. Toutefois, malgré la persistance d’écarts discriminatoires reliés au travail, il y a un manque relatif d’analyses nationales comparatives du genre (particulièrement dans le Pacifique sud). Ce fait freine le développement de théories et de politiques favorisant l’égalité des chances sur le marché du travail.
Aussi, cet article compare comment des initiatives récentes en matière de régulation collective des RE ont été appliquées en Nouvelle-Zélande (NZ) et aux Fidji, où l’on retrouve des conditions nationales et internationales uniques et partagées. Le modèle de système de RE proposé par Martin et Bamber (2004, 2005) constitue un cadre d’analyse de réponses issues d’enquêtes qualitatives et de preuves documentaires permettant d’évaluer, plus particulièrement, la signification de la régulation des RE pour les femmes en emploi. Il en ressort que la réalisation de l’égalité des chances via des instruments de régulation s’avère difficile à cerner, particulièrement aux Fidji. L’effritement de la régulation formelle de l’emploi et sa décentralisation en NZ, la mise en oeuvre plutôt timide de la régulation dans le contexte politique tumultueux des Fidji, et le vide crée par l’érosion de la négociation collective dans les deux environnements n’ont pas été remplacés par un nouveau dialogue social, un renforcement des droits sociaux fondamentaux et, en ce qui concerne les Fidji, un renforcement de la régulation. Cela a contribué à une détérioration de la situation des femmes sur le marché du travail en NZ et, de manière plus accentuée, aux Fidji. Par contre, certains informateurs affichent une préférence pour certaines mesures de régulation pouvant améliorer la situation des femmes sur le marché du travail, renforçant l’idée qu’une régulation formelle plus forte des RE, le tripartisme ainsi qu’une réelle mise en oeuvre de la règlementation sont nécessaires dans les deux pays et que certaines problèmes plus spécifiques aux femmes en emploi nécessitent des réponses sur mesure.
Cet article discute de la manière dont des mesures de régulation des RE peuvent être théorisées pour améliorer la prise en compte de conditions contextuelles communes aux femmes sur le marché du travail aux Fidji et en NZ, et pour développer des approches politiques et économiques plus larges faisant place aux valeurs socio-culturelles et à celles reliées au genre. Il examine également comment certaines initiatives en matière de régulation des RE peuvent être reformulées dans des termes « gagnant-gagnant » pour les différentes parties prenantes des RE, en faisant plus de place à la dimension du genre. Pour les Fidji, on fonde beaucoup d’espoir sur un retour à la démocratie et, pour les deux pays, sur le renforcement de l’activité des syndicats.
Mots clés:
- femmes,
- emploi,
- régulation,
- collectivisme,
- Nouvelle-Zélande,
- Fidji
Resumen
En muchas naciones, la presencia de las mujeres en el mercado laboral es significativa aunque esta tienda a ser inferior de aquella de los hombres por la mayoría de indicadores, incluyendo el salario y la ancianidad. Las implicaciones de esta situación son enormes para la experiencia de empleo de las mujeres, su situación en otras esferas y, por ende, en su progreso social. La regulación de las relaciones de empleo (RE) parece estructurar un acceso equitativo al mercado laboral y ofrecer la posibilidad de progresar dentro de el. Sin embargo, a pesar de las desigualdades de género presentes en el medio laboral, hay una relativa escasez de análisis de nivel nacional (particularmente en los países del Pacifico Sur) qui focalicen los aspectos de género. Esto restringe el desarrollo de teorías y de política encaminadas hacia la igualdad de género en el mercado laboral.
Este artículo compara cómo las iniciativas recientes de regulación colectiva de relaciones de empleo han sido aplicadas en Nueva Zelandia (NZ) y en Fiji, en condiciones nacionales e internacionales únicas y compartidas. El modelo de sistema de ER de Martin y Bamber (2004, 2005) ofrece un marco de análisis de las respuestas a una encuesta cualitativa y permite una prueba documentaria para evaluar de manera más específica el significado de la regulación de las RE de las mujeres trabajadoras. Se hace evidente que lograr la igualdad de género mediante instrumentos reguladores se revela impreciso, sobre todo en Fiji. Un debilitamiento de la regulación formal del empleo y su descentralización en NZ; regulación insuficientemente implementada en el ajuste político tumultuoso de Fiji; y el espacio dejado por un desplazamiento de la convención colectiva en ambos contextos no ha sido remplazado por un dialogo social, ni por derechos sociales fundamentales, y en Fiji, ni por el reforzamiento de la regulación. Esto ha contribuido a deteriorar las condiciones de muchas trabajadoras en NZ y aún más en Fiji. Sin embargo, nuestros informantes muestran una preferencia por ciertas medidas regulatorias para mejorar la situación de las trabajadoras, lo nos permite de constar que la regulación formal más fuerte de la relaciones de empleo, el tripartismo y el refuerzo efectivo son necesarios en ambas naciones, y que las cuestiones particulares de las mujeres trabajadores requieren respuestas especificas.
Este artículo discute cómo las medidas de regulación de las relaciones de empleo pueden ser teorizadas en términos de mejoramiento de la situación de las mujeres trabajadoras focalizando el contexto específico en Fiji y NZ, y teniendo en cuenta la infusión de valores socioculturales y los valores de género en los enfoques políticos y económicos más amplios. Se examina también cómo las iniciativas reguladoras pueden operar y tener un impacto de manera mas sensible a las cuestiones de género para ser reformulado en términos “ganador—ganador”, y de manera interconectada con los diferentes protagonistas de la relaciones de empleo. En Fiji, la esperanza reside en su regreso a las reglas democráticas, y por ambos países, en el refuerzo de la actividad sindical.
Palabras claves:
- empleo,
- regulación,
- colectivismo,
- mujeres,
- Nueva Zelandia,
- Fiji
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the informants who enabled this analysis, and to the anonymous referees’ suggestions for developing our original drafts. We are also grateful for project support from the Massey University Research Fund (RM15892).
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