Résumés
Summary
This paper considers the various ways in which unions respond to transnational restructuring in their longer-term planning and at different levels of action. To this extent, it avoids simply falling into a workplace-based view of mobilizing, or a national and state level view of union lobbying and mobilizing, but instead looks at how different (multi) levels of union action develop (or otherwise) a portfolio of sustainable longer term planning approaches. More concretely, it examines the way that unions activate their learning capacity at various levels in order to develop and use coordination and networking to respond to transnational restructuring. We approach restructuring not only from the point of view of unions’ external organizational relations (employers, members, community, etc.), but also their internal organizational requirements and relations that build a more proactive union response.
To reframe the context in which union coordination capability is built up, transnational restructuring should be examined. We start from a conceptual distinction between “influencing” (external) and “communication” (internal) union strategies. Specifically, four different strategies, which take place at different levels of union action, are identified and presented in the paper. They reflect different dimensions of coordination as a feature of long term union learning and preparation in relation to restructuring: (1) lobbying and campaigning to influence the macro-level regulatory environment; (2) organizing and coordinating action in relation to influencing micro-level change; (3) developing informational and learning strategies about skills and training development to prepare individuals for negotiating change at the micro-level; and (4) developing communication and exchange of information with each other to create greater levels of awareness and focus in relation to restructuring at the macro-level.
Conclusions identify that the structure and content of union coordination in the context of cross-border restructuring is a complex issue that cannot be reduced to simple historical binaries of bureaucracy-activist or employer facing versus membership facing. Our findings demonstrate that coordination works across various sets of dimensions (i.e. “influencing” and “communicating”), relations (internal and external) and levels (i.e. micro and macro). Therefore, it requires complex sets of organization and agendas.
Keywords:
- restructuring,
- international unionism,
- trade unions,
- globalization,
- union coordination
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les syndicats répondent au phénomène de la restructuration transnationale en termes de planification à long terme et de divers moyens d’action. Ce faisant, nous évitons d’adopter une vision qui ne s’en tiendrait qu’à la mobilisation en milieu de travail ou encore à la mobilisation et au lobbying à l’échelle nationale ou étatique, pour examiner plutôt comment différents niveaux d’action syndicale peuvent faire émerger une gamme d’approches durables en matière de planification à long terme. Plus concrètement, nous examinons de quelle manière les syndicats mettent en action leur capacité d’apprentissage pour développer et utiliser la coordination et le réseautage afin de répondre à la restructuration transnationale. Nous abordons la restructuration non seulement du point de vue des relations organisationnelles externes des syndicats (employeurs, membres, communautés, etc.), mais aussi de celui de leurs exigences et relations organisationnelles internes qui permettent de mettre en place une réponse syndicale plus proactive.
Pour recadrer le contexte dans lequel la capacité de coordination syndicale se construit, nous avons d’abord étudié la restructuration transnationale. Nous débutons par une distinction conceptuelle entre les stratégies syndicales visant à « influencer » (externes) et celles visant à « communiquer » (internes). Plus spécifiquement, nous présentons quatre stratégies différentes se déployant à différents niveaux de l’action syndicale. Elles reflètent les différentes dimensions de la coordination comme caractéristique de l’apprentissage syndical à long terme et de la préparation nécessaire face à la restructuration transnationale : (1) faire du lobbying et mener des campagnes pour influencer la régulation de l’environnement au niveau macro; (2) organiser et coordonner l’action syndicale afin d’influencer le changement au niveau micro; (3) mettre en place des stratégies d’information et d’apprentissage en lien avec le développement de la formation et de compétences préparant les travailleurs et les travailleuses à négocier le changement au niveau micro; et (4) améliorer la communication et l’échange d’information afin d’accroitre la sensibilisation et mettre l’accent sur la restructuration au niveau macro.
En conclusion, nous soutenons que la structure et le contenu de la coordination syndicale dans le cadre de la restructuration transfrontalière demeure une question complexe qui ne peut se réduire aux simples couplages historiques bureaucrates contre activistes ou employeurs contre travailleurs. Nos résultats révèlent que la coordination passe par différents ensembles de dimensions (influence et communication), de relations (internes et externes) et de niveaux (micro et macro).
Mots-clés:
- restructuration,
- syndicalisme international,
- syndicats,
- mondialisation,
- coordination
Resumen
Este artículo considera las distintas maneras en que los sindicatos responden a la restructuración transnacional en su planificación de largo tiempo y en los diferentes niveles de acción. En este sentido, se evita de caer en una visión de la movilización simplemente basada en el lugar de trabajo, o una visión nacional y estatal de la presión política y de la movilización sindical, y, más bien, se observa cómo los diferentes (multi) niveles de acción sindical desarrollan (o no) una portafolio de enfoques sustentables de planificación a largo plazo. Más concretamente, se examina la manera en que los sindicatos activan su capacidad de aprendizaje a diferentes niveles con miras a desarrollar y utilizar la coordinación y el establecimiento de redes de contactos para responder a la restructuración transnacional. Enfocamos la restructuración desde el punto de vista de las relaciones organizacionales externas del sindicato (empleadores, miembros de la comunidad, etc.), pero consideramos también sus requisitos organizacionales internos y las relaciones que construyen una respuesta sindical más proactiva.
Para redefinir el contexto dentro del cual se construye la capacidad de coordinación sindical, se debe examinar la restructuración transnacional. Partimos de una distinción conceptual entre las estrategias sindicales de “influencia” (externa) y de “comunicación” (interna). Específicamente, cuatro estrategias diferentes, que se presentan a diferentes niveles de la acción sindical, son identificadas y presentadas en este documento. Estas son el reflejo de las diferentes dimensiones de la coordinación como una característica del aprendizaje y de la preparación sindicales de largo plazo con respecto a la restructuración: (1) la presión política y las campañas para influenciar el entorno de regulación de nivel macro; (2) la acción de organización y de coordinación para influenciar el cambio a nivel micro; (3) el desarrollo de estrategias de información y de aprendizaje sobre las habilidades y el desarrollo de la formación para preparar los individuos a la negociación del cambio a nivel micro; y (4) el desarrollo de la comunicación y del intercambio de información entre ellos para crear mayores niveles de conciencia y focalizarse mejor en la restructuración a nivel macro.
Las conclusiones identifican que la estructura y el contenido de la coordinación sindical en el contexto de la restructuración transfronteriza es un asunto complejo que no puede reducirse a los simples binarios históricos de burocracia y activista o pro-patronal versus pro-miembros. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la coordinación funciona a través de diversos conjuntos de dimensiones (es decir, “influencia” y “comunicación”), de relaciones (internas y externas) y niveles (micro y macro). Por lo tanto, se requiere de sistemas complejos de organización y de agendas.
Palabras claves:
- restructuración,
- sindicalismo internacional,
- sindicatos,
- globalización,
- coordinación sindical
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgment
The research was funded by the European Commission, Article 6 of the European Social Fund, and coordinated at the European Trade Unions Confederation (ETUC) in Brussels. We would like to thank Christian Lévesque, the editor and the anonymous referees for the valuable comments on a previous version of this article. Responsibility remains with the authors.
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