Résumés
Summary
This paper examines how different coping styles that physicians use relate to emotional exhaustion, the key defining dimension of burnout. Specifically, we examine the extent to which they use active problem solving techniques, seek support, disengage from the situation or use denial as a coping strategy. In addition, we also explore whether the coping styles are more or less effective depending on certain dispositional and/or situational factors. Two individual predispositions are examined in this study in terms of positive and negative affectivity, as optimism and pessimism are stable personality traits that have implications for how individuals view situations and respond to them. Four different sources of physician work stress are examined to reflect the situational factors: work overload, patient interactions, average weekly work hours at work, and average weekly work hours at home. We analyze survey data from 1,110 practising physicians in a single health region in Western Canada.
The overall pattern of results suggests that physicians’ individual dispositions are relevant to understanding the coping styles that they adopt. Physicians appear to use denial as a coping strategy when they experience work overload and difficult patient interactions. Furthermore, it is used by those with high negative affectivity. However, having a highly positive outlook appears to neutralize the harmful relationship between denial and emotional exhaustion. This supports the literature that argues that the effects of different coping styles may depend on the personality traits of who uses them. In addition, the harmful experiences related to stressful patient interactions are weakened for doctors who disengage or take a time out from the situation. This supports the literature that suggests that certain coping strategies may be more effective depending on the situation or type/source of stressor. Our findings suggest that certain coping strategies may be more effective depending on personality type and the type or source of stress encountered.
Keywords:
- burnout,
- job stress,
- denial,
- personality,
- professionals
Résumé
Cet article examine comment différents modes d’adaptation utilisés par les médecins sont reliés à l’épuisement émotif, la dimension-clé de l’épuisement professionnel. Plus particulièrement, nous examinons dans quelle mesure ils ou elles font appel à une forme active de résolution de problème, cherchent à obtenir du support, se dissocient de la situation ou utilisent le déni comme stratégies d’adaptation. De plus nous explorons également dans quelle mesure les modes d’adaptation sont plus ou moins efficaces selon certains facteurs situationnels ou liés aux prédispositions des personnes. Deux prédispositions personnelles sont examinées dans cette étude en termes d’affectivité positive ou négative, étant donné que l’optimisme et le pessimisme sont des traits de personnalité stables qui ont des implications sur la manière dont les personnes perçoivent les situations et y répondent. Quatre sources différentes de stress chez les médecins sont examinées afin de refléter les facteurs situationnels : des situations de surcharge de travail, les interactions avec les patients, le nombre hebdomadaire moyen d’heures passées au travail et le nombre hebdomadaire moyen d’heures passées à la maison. Nous analysons les données d’une enquête menée auprès de 1 110 médecins pratiquant dans une même région de l’Ouest canadien.
Une vue d’ensemble des résultats suggèrent que les prédispositions personnelles des médecins sont pertinentes dans la compréhension des modes d’adaptation auxquels ils recourent. Les médecins semblent recourir au déni comme stratégie lorsqu’ils sont en situation de surcharge de travail et lors d’interactions difficiles avec des patients, particulièrement chez ceux et celles qui affichent une affectivité négative. Toutefois, le fait d’afficher une affectivité positive semble neutraliser les relations pernicieuses entre le déni et l’épuisement émotif. Cela vient en appui à la littérature suggérant que les effets des divers modes d’adaptation dépendent des traits de personnalité de ceux qui y ont recourt. De plus les expériences douloureuses liées aux interactions stressantes avec des patients sont moins présentes chez les médecins qui s’en dissocient ou qui prennent un temps d’arrêt face à la situation. Cela vient aussi en appui à la littérature suggérant que certaines stratégies d’adaptation peuvent s’avérer plus efficaces selon la situation ou le type des facteurs de stress ou leur source. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que certaines stratégies d’adaptation sont plus efficaces selon le type de personnalité et selon le type de facteurs de stress rencontrés ou leur source.
Mots-clés:
- épuisement professionnel,
- stress lié à l’emploi,
- personnalité,
- professionnels
Resumen
Este artículo examina cómo los diferentes estilos de afrontar el estrés que usan los médicos son asociados al agotamiento emocional, dimensión clave de la definición del surmenaje. En concreto, se analiza en qué medida los médicos utilizan de manera activa ciertas técnicas de resolución de problemas, buscan a obtener apoyo, se retiran de la situación o usan la negación como estrategia de afrontamiento. Exploramos también si los estilos de afrontamiento son más o menos eficaces en función de ciertos factores situacionales o vinculados a predisposiciones personales. En este estudio se examinan dos predisposiciones individuales en términos de afectividad positiva o negativa, dado que el optimismo y el pesimismo son rasgos estables de la personalidad que tienen implicaciones en la manera cómo las personas perciben las situaciones y cómo las enfrentan. A fin de reflejar los factores situacionales, se examinan cuatro diferentes fuentes de estrés en el trabajo médico: sobrecarga de trabajo, interacciones con los pacientes, promedio semanal de horas de trabajo, y promedio semanal de horas de trabajo en casa. Los datos analizados provienen de una encuesta con 1110 médicos que ejercen en una región sanitaria del Oeste Canadiense.
El patrón general de los resultados sugiere que las características temperamentales individuales de los médicos son pertinentes para comprender los estilos de afrontamiento que ellos adoptan. Los médicos parecen utilizar la negación como estrategia de afrontamiento cuando experimentan sobrecarga de trabajo e interacciones difíciles con el paciente. Más aún, esto es utilizado sobre todo por las personas con alta afectividad negativa. Sin embargo, tener una actitud muy positiva parece neutralizar la relación perjudicial entre la negación y el agotamiento emocional. Esto apoya la literatura que sostiene que los efectos de los diferentes estilos de afrontamiento pueden depender de las características de personalidad de quienes los usan. Además, las experiencias perjudiciales asociadas a las interacciones estresantes con el paciente son menos presentes en los médicos que se desvinculan o se alejan temporalmente de la situación. Esto apoya la literatura que sugiere que ciertas estrategias de afrontamiento pueden ser más eficaces en función de la situación o el tipo/fuente de estrés. Nuestros resultados sugieren que ciertas estrategias pueden ser más eficaces en función del tipo de personalidad y del tipo o fuente de estrés encontrado.
Palabras claves:
- surmenaje,
- estrés ocupacional,
- negación,
- personalidad,
- profesionales
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
References
- Anshel, M. H. 2000. “A Conceptual Model and Implications for Coping with Stressful Events in Police Work.” Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 375-400.
- Arnetz, B. B. 2001. “Psychosocial Challenges Facing Physicians of Today.” Social Science & Medicine, 52, 203-213.
- Avgar, A. C., R. K. Given and M. Liu. 2011. “A Balancing Act: Work-life Balance and Multiple Stakeholder Outcomes in Hospitals.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49 (4), 717-741.
- Barnett, R. C., R. T. Brennan and K. C. Gareis. 1999. “A Closer Look at the Measurement of Burnout.” Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 4, 65-78.
- Campolieti, M., D. Hyatt and B. Kralj. 2007. “Determinants of Stress in Medical Practice: Evidence from Ontario Physicians.” Industrial Relations, 62, 226-254.
- Caplan, R. D., S. Cobb, J. R. P. French, H. V. Harrison and S. R. Pinneau. 1975. Job Demands and Worker Health. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
- Carlson, D. S., and P. L. Perrewé. 1999. “The Role of Social Support in the Stressor-strain Relationship: An Examination of Work-family Conflict.” Journal of Management, 25, 513-540.
- Carver, C. S., M. F. Scheier and J. K. Weintraub. 1989. “Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
- Chen, M., and C. Cunradi. 2008. “Job Stress, Burnout and Substance Use among Urban Transit Operators: The Potential Mediating Role of Coping Behaviour.” Work & Stress, 22, 327-340.
- Cohen, S., G. W. Evans, D. Stokols and D. S. Krantz. 1986. Behavior, Health, and Environmental Stress. New York: Plenum Press.
- Cummings, S. M., L. A. Savitz and T. R. Konrad. 2001. “Reported Response Rates to Mailed Physician Questionnaires.” Health Services Research, 35, 1347-1355.
- Dallender, J., P. Nolan, J. Soares, S. Thomsen and B. Arnetz. 1999. “A Comparative study of the Perceptions of British Mental Health Nurses and Psychiatrists of their Work Environment.” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 36-43.
- Deery, S. J., R. D. Iverson and J. T. Walsh. 2010. “Coping Strategies in Call Centres: Work Intensity and the Role of Co-workers and Supervisors.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48 (1), 181-200.
- Dewe, P., T. Cox and E. Ferguson. 1993. “Individual Strategies for Coping with Stress at Work: A Review.” Work & Stress, 7, 5-15.
- Edwards, N., M. J. Kornacki and J. Silversin. 2002. “Unhappy Doctors: What Are the Causes and What Can Be Done?” British Medical Journal, 324, 835-838.
- Fahrenkopf, A. M., T. C. Sectish, L. K. Barger, P. J. Sharek, D. Lewin, V. W. Chiang et al. 2008. “Rates of Medication Errors among Depressed and Burnt Out Residents: Prospective Cohort Study.” British Medical Journal, 336, 488-491.
- Firth-Cozens, J. 1998. “Individual and Organizational Predictors of Depression in General Practitioners.” British Journal of General Practice, 48, 1647-1651.
- Firth-Cozens, J. 2001. “Interventions to Improve Physicians’ Well-being and Patient Care.” Social Science & Medicine, 52, 215-222.
- Firth-Cozens, J., and L. A. Morrison. 1989. “Sources of Stress and Ways of Coping in Junior House Officers.” Stress & Medicine, 5, 121-126.
- Folkman, S., and R. S. Lazarus. 1980. “An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-aged Community Sample.” Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
- Frank, E., and A. D. Dingle. 1999. “Self-reported Depression and Suicide Attempts among U.S. Women Physicians.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1887-1894.
- Graham, J., I. P. Albery, A. J. Ramirez and M. A. Richards. 2001. “How Hospital Consultants Cope with Stress at Work: Implications for their Mental Health.” Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 17, 85-89.
- Grunfeld, E., T. J. Whelan, L. Zitzelsberger, A. R. Willan, B. Montesanto and W. K. Evans. 2000. “Cancer Care Workers in Ontario: Prevalence of Burnout, Job Stress and Job Satisfaction.” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 163, 166-169.
- Karasek, R. A., K. P. Triantis and S. S. Chaudhry. 1982. “Coworker and Supervisor Support as Moderators of Associations between Task Characteristics and Mental Strain.” Journal of Occupational Behavior, 3, 181-200.
- Kaufmann, G. M., and T. A. Beehr. 1986. “Interactions between Job Stressors and Social Support: Some Counterintuitive Results.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 522-526.
- Koeske, G. F., S. A. Kirk and R. D. Koeske. 1993. “Coping with Job Stress: Which Strategies Work Best?” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66, 319-335.
- Leiter, M. P. 1991. “Coping Patterns as Predictors of Burnout: The Function of Control and Escapist Coping Patterns.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 123-144.
- Leiter, M. P., and C. Maslach. 1988. “The Impact of Interpersonal Environment on Burnout and Organizational Commitment.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 297-308.
- Lemaire, J., and J. E. Wallace. 2010. “Not All Coping Strategies are Created Equal: A Mixed Methods Study Exploring Physicians’ Self Reported Coping Strategies.” BMC Health Services Research, 10, 208-217.
- Linzer, M., T. R. Konrad, J. Douglas, J. E. McMurray, D. E. Pathman, E. S. Williams et al. 2000. “Managed Care, Time Pressure, and Physician Job Satisfaction: Results from the Physician Worklife Study.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 15, 441-450.
- Mak, A. S., and J. Mueller. 2000. “Job Insecurity, Coping Resources and Personality Dispositions in Occupational Strain.” Work & Stress, 14, 312-328.
- Marks, S. R., and S. M. MacDermid. 1996. “Multiple Roles and the Self: A Theory of Role Balance.” Journal of Marriage & the Family, 58, 417-432.
- Maslach, C., W. B. Schaufeli and M. P. Leiter. 2001. “Job Burnout.” Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397.
- Parkes, K. R. 1990. “Coping, Negative Affectivity, and the Work Environment: Additive and Interactive Predictors of Mental Health.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 399-409.
- Parkes, K. R. 1994. “Personality and Coping as Moderators of Work Stress Processes: Models, Methods and Measures.” Work & Stress, 8, 110-129.
- Richardsen, A. M., and R. J. Burke. 1991. “Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Physicians: Sex Differences.” Social Science & Medicine, 3, 1179-1187.
- Riolli, L., and V. Savicki. 2003. “Optimism and Coping as Moderators of the Relation between Work Resources and Burnout in Information Service Workers.” International Journal of Stress Management, 10, 235-252.
- Riolli, L., and V. Savicki. 2010. “Coping Effectiveness and Coping Diversity under Traumatic Stress.” International Journal of Stress Management, 17, 97-113.
- Ro, K. E. I., R. Tyssen, A. Hoffart, H. Sexton, O. G. Aasland and T. Gude. 2010. “A Three-year Cohort Study of the Relationships between Coping, Job Stress and Burnout after a Counseling Intervention for Help-seeking Physicians.” BMC Public Health, 10, 213-225.
- Rohland, B. M., G. R. Kruse and J. E. Rohrer. 2004. “Validation of a Single-item Measure of Burnout against the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Physicians.” Stress & Health, 20, 75-79.
- Ross, C. E., and J. Mirowsky. 1989. “Explaining the Social Patterns of Depression: Control and Problem Solving–Or Support and Talking?” Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 30, 206-219.
- Rout, U., C. L. Cooper and J. K. Rout. 1996. “Job Stress among British General Practitioners: Predictors of Job Dissatisfaction and Mental Ill-health.” Stress & Medicine, 12, 155-166.
- Sardiwalla, N., H. VandenBerg and K. G. F. Esterhuyse. 2007. “The Role of Stressors and Coping Strategies in the Burnout experienced by Hospice Workers.” Cancer Nursing, 30, 488-497.
- Scheier, M. F., and C. S. Carver. 1985. “Optimism, Coping, and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies.” Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
- Shanafelt, T. D., K. A. Bradley, J. E. Wipt and A. L. Back. 2002. “Burnout and Self-reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 136, 358.
- Shanafelt, T. D., P. Novotny, M. E. Johnson, X. Zhao, D. P. Steensma, M. Q. Lacy et al. 2005. “The Well-being and Personal Wellness Promotion Strategies of Medical Oncologists in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group.” Oncology, 68, 23-32.
- Shimazu, A., and S. Kosugi. 2003. “Job Stressors, Coping, and Psychological Distress among Japanese Employees: Interplay between Active and Non-active Coping.” Work & Stress, 17, 38-51.
- Shirom, A., N. Nirel and A. D. Vinokur. 2006. “Overload, Autonomy, and Burnout as Predictors of Physicians’ Quality of Care.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 328-342.
- Tattersall, A. J., P. Bennett and S. Pugh. 1999. “Stress and Coping in Hospital Doctors.” Stress Medicine, 15, 109-113.
- Ullrich, A., and P. FitzGerald. 1990. “Stress Experienced by Physicians and Nurses in the Cancer Ward.” Social Science & Medicine, 31, 1013-1022.
- Wallace, J. E., J. B. Lemaire and W. A. Ghali. 2009. “Physician Wellness: A Missing Quality Indicator.” Lancet, 374, 1714-1721.
- Watson, D., L. A. Clark and A. Tellegen. 1988. “Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.