Résumés
Summary
The way worker resistance and misbehaviour have been analyzed has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades. While researchers have observed the quantitative decline of formal or organized forms of industrial relations conflict, others have highlighted the emergence of informal and individualized (mis)behaviours. There have been a range of reasons advanced to explain both the decline in industrial disputes and in the lineal approaches to analyze workplace conflict. This article cautions the increasing tendency to analyze resistance and misbehaviour in an institutional vacuum.
Drawing on longitudinal research across multiple organizational settings in Australia and Britain, the article identifies the longevity of institutional and structural factors to explain workplace behaviours, particularly among weakly organized workers. The evidence presented in this paper emphasizes the need to analyze employee resistance within its institutional context. The range of behaviours identified here in many non- or anti-union settings were shaped by the changing structural and institutional workplace regime: by sector, size, structure or managerial strategy (among others).
By recognizing the importance of context and place, we argue that what is often portrayed as types of misbehaviour substitute for more assertive forms of resistance by workers who are vulnerable in the labour market or denied access to traditional collective structures of representation.
Keywords:
- resistance,
- misbehaviour,
- institutional change,
- non-union
Résumé
La manière d’analyser la résistance ouvrière et les conduites déviantes des travailleurs a connu une transformation significative au cours des dernières décennies. Tandis que plusieurs chercheurs ont observé le déclin quantitatif des formes organisées ou de l’aspect formel des conflits en relations du travail, d’autres ont mis en lumière l’émergence de conduites d’opposition ou déviantes de nature informelle et individuelle. On a bien avancé un éventail de raisons explicatives à la fois du déclin des conflits en relations du travail et de l’apparition d’approches plus directes pour étudier le conflit sur les lieux du travail. Cet article invite toutefois à la prudence devant la tendance à analyser les phénomènes de résistance et de conduites déviantes dans un vacuum institutionnel.
Prenant appui sur une recherche longitudinale auprès d’une multitude de milieux organisationnels en Australie et en Grande-Bretagne, l’article identifie la longévité de facteurs institutionnels et structurels pour expliquer les comportements en milieu de travail, particulièrement chez les travailleurs faiblement organisés. Les observations réalisées dans notre étude renforcent la nécessité d’analyser la résistance ouvrière dans son environnement institutionnel. Selon nous, les diverses conduites identifiées ici dans plusieurs milieux sans syndicats ou antisyndicaux ont été façonnées par les changements structurels et institutionnels survenus dans le régime même des relations du travail : selon le secteur, la taille, la structure ou la stratégie de la direction (entre autres choses).
En reconnaissant l’importance de l’environnement et du milieu, nous soutenons que ce qui est souvent dépeint comme des types de conduites déviantes de la part de travailleurs constitue plutôt un substitut pour des formes plus affirmées de résistance de la part de travailleurs plus vulnérables sur le marché du travail ou auxquels on nie l’accès à des structures traditionnelles de représentation collective.
Mots-clés :
- résistance,
- conduites déviantes,
- changement institutionnel,
- non syndiqué
Resumen
La manera de analizar la resistencia laboral y los comportamientos inapropiados de los trabajadores ha conocido una transformación significativa en las últimas décadas. Varios investigadores han observado la caída cuantitativa de las formas organizadas o formales de los conflictos laborales, mientras que otros han hecho resaltar la emergencia de comportamientos de oposición o de conductas marginales de naturaleza informal e individual. Se ha avanzado un gama de razones explicativas de la caída de los conflictos de relaciones laborales y de la aparición de enfoques más directos para estudiar el conflicto en los lugares de trabajo. Este artículo emite una advertencia respecto a la tendencia a analizar los fenómenos de resistencia y de conductas marginales en un vacío institucional.
Apoyándose en una investigación longitudinal efectuada en múltiples contextos organizacionales en Australia y Gran Bretaña, el artículo identifica la longevidad de los factores institucionales y estructurales para explicar los comportamientos en el medio laboral, particularmente de los trabajadores poco organizados. Las observaciones realizadas en nuestro estudio refuerzan la necesidad de analizar la resistencia laboral en su contexto institucional. La gama de conductas identificadas aquí en varios medios sin sindicato o antisindicales han sido determinadas por los cambios estructurales e institucionales ocurridos en el régimen de relaciones de trabajo: según el sector, el tamaño, la estructura o la estrategia de la dirección (entre otras cosas).
Reconociendo la importancia del ambiente y del lugar de trabajo, se sostiene que lo que es frecuentemente presentado como tipos de conductas marginales de la parte de los trabajadores constituye mas bien un substituto de las formas mas afirmadas de resistencia de la parte de los trabajadores más vulnerables en el mercado de trabajo a los cuales se les niega el acceso a las estructuras tradicionales de representación colectiva.
Palabras clave:
- resistencia,
- comportamientos marginales,
- cambio institucional,
- no sindicalizado
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
References
- Ackroyd, S. and P. Thompson. 1999. Organisational Misbehaviour. London: Sage.
- Aleroff, C. and D. Knights. 2000. “Quality Time and the Beautiful Call.” Paper presented for workshop: Are Regimented Forms of Work Organisation Inevitable? Call Centres and the Chances for an Innovative Organisation of Service Work in Europe, Duisburg University, 2-3 December.
- Ashcraft, K.L. 2005. ”Resistance through Consent? Occupational Identity, Organizational Form and the Maintenance of Masculinity among Commercial Airline Pilots.” Management Communication Quarterly, 19, 67-90.
- Australian Bureau Statistics. 2008. Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership. Australia, Cat. 6310.0, August.
- Badgett, L.M.V. 1996. “Employment and Sexual Orientation: Disclosure and Discrimination in the Workplace.” Sexual Identity on the Job: Issues and Services. A. Ellis and E. Riggle, eds. New York: Harrington Park Press, 29-52.
- Barrett, C. 2009. Trade Union Membership 2008. London: Department Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and National Statistics.
- Belfast Telegraph. 2009. “Workers Continue Sit in at Cork DIY Store.” Belfast Telegraph, 14th August.
- Buroway, M. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Collinson, D. 2005. “Dialectics of Leadership.” Human Relations, 58 (11), 1419-1442.
- Collinson, D. and S. Ackroyd. 2005. “Resistance, Misbehaviour and Dissent.” The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization. S. Ackroyd et al., eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Contu, A. 2008. “Decaf Resistance: On Misbehavior, Cynicism and Desire in Liberal Workplaces.” Management Communication Quarterly, 21 (3), 364-379.
- Cooper, R., B. Ellem, C. Briggs and D. van den Broek. 2009. “Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy and the Australian State, 1996-2005.” Labor Studies Journal, 34 (3), 339-362.
- Cullinane, N. and T. Dundon. 2006. “The Psychological Contract: A Critical Review.” International Journal of Management Reviews, 8 (2), 113-129.
- Cullinane, N. and T. Dundon. 2011. “Redundancy and Workplace Occupation: The Case of the Republic of Ireland.” Employee Relations, 33 (6), 624-641.
- Dixon, M. and J. Fiorito. 2009. “Can Unions Rebound? Decline and Renewal in the US Labour Movement.” Union Revitalisation in Advanced Economies. G. Gall, ed. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Dundon, T. 2002. “Employer Opposition and Union Avoidance in the UK.” Industrial Relations Journal, 33 (3), 234-245.
- Dundon, T. and D. Rollinson. 2004. Employment Relations in Non-Union Firms. London: Routledge.
- Dundon, T. and P. Ryan. 2010. “Interviewing Reluctant Respondents: Strikes, Henchmen and Gaelic Games.” Organizational Research Methods, 13 (3), 562-581.
- Dundon, T., I. Grugulis and A. Wilkinson. 1999. “Looking Out of the Black-Hole: Non-union Relations in an SME.” Employee Relations, 22 (3), 251-266.
- Edwards, P.K., ed. 1995. Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Flanders, A. 1970. Management and Unions: The Theory and Reform of Industrial Relations. London: Faber and Faber.
- Fleming, P. 2005. “Metaphors of Resistance.” Management Communication Quarterly, 19 (1), 45-66.
- Fleming, P. and A. Spicer. 2003. “Working at a Cynical Distance: Implications for Power, Subjectivity and Resistance.” Organization, 10, 157-179.
- Fleming, P. and A. Spicer. 2007. Contesting the Corporation: Struggle, Power and Resistance in Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fox, A. 1974. Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations. London: Faber.
- Freeman, E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman.
- Freeman, R.B. and J.L. Medoff. 1984. What Do Unions Do? New York: Basic Books.
- Gall, G. 2004. “British Employer Resistance to Trade Union Recognition.” Human Resource Management Journal, 14 (2), 36-53.
- Gall, G. 2011. “Worker Resistance and Response to the Crisis of Neo-liberal Capitalism.” Employee Relations, 33 (6), 588-591.
- Grimshaw, D., M. Marchington, J. Rubery and H. Willmott. 2004. “Introduction: Fragmenting Work across Organisational Boundaries.” Fragmenting Work: Blurring Organisational Boun­daries and Disordering Hierarchies. M. Marchington et al., eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Grugulis, I., T. Dundon and A. Wilkinson. 2000. “Cultural Control and the ‘Culture Manager’: Employment Practices in a Consultancy.” Work, Employment and Society, 14 (1), 97-116.
- Harrisson, D., N. Laplante and L. St-Cyr. 2001. “Cooperation and Resistance in Work Innovation Networks.” Human Relations, 54 (2), 215-255.
- Hobsbawm, E. 1965. Primitive Rebels. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Iremonger, J., J. Merritt and G. Osborne, eds. 1973. Strikes: Studies in Twentieth Century Australian Social History. Australian Society for the Study of Australian Labour History, Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
- Jermier, J., D. Knights and W.R. Nord. 1994. Resistance and Power in Organizations. London: Routledge.
- Kaine, S. 2011. “Employee Voice and Regulation in the Residential Aged Care Sector.” Human Resource Management Journal (DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00170.x).
- Kärreman, D., and M. Alvesson. 2009. “Resisting Resistance: Counter-Resistance, Consent and Compliance in a Consultancy Firm.” Human Relations, 62 (8), 1115-1144.
- Knights, D., D. Calvey and P. Odih. 1999. “Social Managerialism and the Time Disciplined Subject: Quality-Quantity Conflicts in a Call Centre.” Paper delivered to the 17th Annual International Labour Process Conference, School of Management, Royal Holloway, University of London, 29-31 March.
- Metcalf, D. 2005. “British Unions: Resurgence or Perdition?” Provocation Series, 1 (1), London: The Work Foundation.
- Mulholland, K. 2004. “Workplace Resistance in an Irish Call Centre: Slammin’, Scammin’ Smokin’ an’ Leavin.’” Work, Employment and Society, 18 (4), 709-772.
- Mumby, D. 2005. “Theorising Resistance in Organizational Studies: A Dialectical Approach.” Management Communication Quarterly, 19 (1), 19-44.
- Pas, B., P. Peters, H. Doorewaard, R. Eising and T. Lagro-Janssen. 2011. “Feminisation of the Medical Profession: A Strategic HRM Dilemma? The Effects of Family-friendly HR Practices on Female Doctors Contracted Working Hours.” Human Resource Management Journal, 21 (3), 285-302.
- Peetz, D. 2002. “Decollectivist Strategies in Oceania.” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 57 (2), 252-278.
- Pollert, A. 1981. Girls, Wives and Factory LIVES. London: Macmillan.
- Pollert, A. and A. Charlwood. 2009. “The Vulnerable Worker in Britain and Problems at Work.” Work, Employment and Society, 23 (2), 343-362.
- Putnam, L., D. Grant, G. Michelson and L. Cutcher. 2005. “Discourse and Resistance.” Management Communication Quarterly, 19 (1), 5-18.
- Roscigno, V., R. Hodson and S. Lopez. 2009. “Workplace Incivilities: The Role of Interest Conflicts, Social Closure and Organizational Chaos.” Work, Employment and Society, 23 (4), 747-773.
- Roy, D. 1952. “Quota Restriction and Goldbricking in a Machine Shop.” The American Journal of Sociology, 57, 427-442.
- Spitzmüller, C. and J.M. Stanton. 2006. “Employee Compliance and Resistance with Monitoring and Surveillance Policies and Practices.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79 (2), 245-272.
- Standing, G. 2009. Work after Globalisation: Building Occupational Citizenship. Cheltenham: Edward Elger.
- Taylor, F.W. 1911. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper.
- Teague, P. and W.K. Roche. 2011. “Line Managers and the Management of Workplace Conflict.” Human Resource Management Journal (DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00171.x).
- Thompson, E.P. 1963. The Making of the English Working Class. London: Gollancz.
- Thompson, P. 2005. “Brands, Boundaries and Bandwagons. Critical Reflection on Critical Management Studies.” Critical Realism in Action in Organisation and Management Studies. S. Fleetwood and S. Ackroyd, eds. London: Routledge.
- Thompson, P. 2011. “The Trouble with HRM.” Human Resource Management Journal, 21 (4) (DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00180.x).
- Thompson, P. and C. Warhurst. 1995. “All Quiet on the Workplace Front? A Critique of Recent Trends in British Industrial Sociology.” Sociology, 29 (4), 615-633.
- van den Broek, D. 1997. “Human Resource Management, Cultural Control and Union Avoidance: An Australian Case Study.” Journal of Industrial Relations, 3 (3), 332-348.
- van den Broek, D. 2002. “Monitoring and Surveillance in Call Centres: Some Responses from Australian Workers.” Labour and Industry, 12 (3), 43-59.
- van den Broek, D. 2003. “Recruitment Strategies and Union Exclusion in Two Australian Call Centres.” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 58 (3), 515-534.
- van den Broek, D. 2004. “Call to Arms? Call Centre Organising in Australian Telecommunications Call Centres.” Human Resource Management and Call Centres. S. Deery and N. Kinnie, eds. London: Palgrave.
- van den Broek, D. 2008. “‘Doing Things Right’ or ‘Doing the Right Things’? Call Centre Migrations and Dimensions of Knowledge.” Work, Employment and Society, 22 (4), 601-613.
- van Maanen, J. and S. Barley. 1984. “Occupational Communities: Culture and Control in Organizations.” Research in Organizational Behavior, 6, 287-365.
- Vardi, Y. and Y. Weitz. 2004. Misbehaviour in Organizations: Theory, Research and Management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Vardi, Y. and Y. Wiener. 1996. “Misbehaviour in Organizations: A Motivational Framework.” Organizational Science, 7 (2), 151-165.
- Wilkinson, A., T. Dundon and I. Grugulis. 2007. “Information but not Consultation: Exploring Employee Involvement in SMEs.” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18 (7), 1279-1297.
- Wilkinson, A., T. Dundon, M. Marchington and P. Ackers. 2004. “The Changing Patterns of Employee Voice: Case Studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland.” Journal of Industrial Relations, 46 (3), 298-323.
- Willmott, H. 1993. “Strength is Ignorance; Slavery is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organizations.” Journal of Management Studies, 30, 515-552.
- Zeitlin, J. 1987. “From Labour History to the History of Industrial Relations.” The Economic History Review, Second Series, 40 (2), 159-184.
- Zoller, H.M. and G.T. Fairhurst. 2007. “Resistance Leadership: The Overlooked Potential in Critical Organization and Leadership Studies.” Human Relations, 60 (9), 1331-1360.
- Zuboff, S. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books.