Résumés
Abstract
This essay argues that the American trade union movement constitutes a social democratic bloc within the U.S. body politic, episodically successful in broadening the welfare state, expanding citizenship rights, and defending the standard of living of working class Americans, including those unlikely to be found on the union membership roll. But such political influence, which has also helped make organized labour a backbone of Democratic Party electoral mobilization, has rarely been of usefulness when the unions sought to enhance their own institutional vibrancy, their own capacity to organize new members. When demands of this sort are put forward, Republican presidents and politicians denounce them outright, while most Democrats, including virtually every postwar president from that party, see such legislation as but the product of an unpopular interest group and thus safely devalued and ignored.
American unions have almost always failed to win legislation advancing their institutional strength and political legitimacy. To understand why, this essay explores the three distinct regimes which have governed trade union “bargaining,” with employers, with the Democrats, and with the state, during the era since the New Deal. They are the era of the New Deal itself (1933-1947) during which a corporatist politicialization of all wage, price and production issues achieved some purchase; the years of classic industrial pluralism and collective bargaining (1947-1980), in which industrial relations was reprivatized to a large extent; and finally, our current moment (1980s forward) in which the labour movement exists and holds the possibility of growth largely in government and the service sector. A highly politicized form of tripartite bargaining, between companies, unions, and government (mainly state and local), has provided the chief avenue for raising the social wage and building nodes of trade union influence in key government-dependent sectors of the economy. With the arrival of the Obama era, this third system is becoming the only game in town, although this appears to be falling far short of labourite expectations.
Keywords:
- labour,
- corporatism,
- collective bargaining,
- unions,
- AFL-CIO,
- Democratic Party
Résumé
Cet article met en avant le fait que le mouvement syndical américain constitue un bloc social-démocrate dans le tissu politique des États-Unis, qui arrive épisodiquement à élargir la couverture de l’État-providence, à étendre les droits rattachés à la citoyenneté et à défendre le niveau de vie de la classe ouvrière américaine, y compris des personnes peu susceptibles d’adhérer un jour à un syndicat. Mais une telle influence politique, qui a permis de faire de la force de travail syndiquée une épine dorsale de la mobilisation électorale du parti démocrate, a rarement réussi à augmenter la vitalité institutionnelle des syndicats, ainsi que leur capacité à organiser de nouveaux membres. Quand des demandes de ce genre sont faites, les présidents et les politiciens républicains les dénoncent fermement, tandis que la plupart des démocrates, y compris la quasi-totalité des présidents démocrates d’après-guerre, voient une telle législation comme le produit d’un groupe d’intérêt impopulaire, donc dévalorisé et ignoré.
Les syndicats américains ont presque toujours échoué à faire avancer la législation en faveur de leur renforcement institutionnel et de la reconnaissance de leur légitimité politique. Afin de comprendre pourquoi, cet article explore successivement les trois régimes distincts qui ont régi les « négociations » des syndicats – avec les employeurs, les démocrates et l’État – depuis l’époque du New Deal. Premièrement, les syndicats de travailleurs symbolisent l’époque même du New Deal (1933-47) où la politisation corporatiste de toutes les questions relatives aux salaires, aux prix et à la production a apporté certains gains. Deuxièmement, les années du pluralisme industriel et de la négociation collective classiques (1947-1980) sont celles de la reprivatisation, en grande partie, des relations industrielles. Troisièmement, pour conclure, l’époque actuelle (des années 80 à nos jours) est celle où le mouvement ouvrier subsiste et retire ses principales possibilités de croissance du secteur public et des services. Une forme de négociation collective tripartite très politisée entre les entreprises, les syndicats et le gouvernement (principalement au niveau des États ou au niveau local) a constitué la principale voie permettant d’augmenter le salaire social et de tisser les réseaux d’influence des syndicats dans les principaux secteurs de l’économie qui dépendent grandement du gouvernement. Avec l’avènement de l’ère Obama, ce troisième système devient la seule règle du jeu qui prévale, bien qu’il semble être très en deçà des espérances premières des représentants des travailleurs.
Mots-clés :
- travail,
- corporatisme,
- négociation collective,
- syndicats,
- AFL-CIO,
- parti démocrate américain
Resumen
Este ensayo argumenta que el movimiento sindical estadounidense constituye un bloque social democrático dentro del cuerpo político de los EE.UU., con éxitos episódicos en la ampliación del estado providencia, la ampliación de derechos ciudadanos y la defensa del nivel de vida de la clase trabajadora estadounidense incluyendo aquellas personas con poca probabilidad de ser miembros del sindicato. Pero tal influencia política que ha ayudado también a hacer de la organización laboral una espina dorsal de la movilización electoral del Partido Democrático, raramente ha sido de utilidad cuando los sindicatos necesitaban ampliar su propia vitalidad institucional, su propia capacidad de organizar nuevos miembros. Cuando las demandas de este tipo son presentadas, los presidentes y políticos republicanos las denuncian abiertamente, mientras que la mayoría de Demócratas, incluyendo casi todos los presidentes de la post-guerra de dicho partido, ven dicha legislación como el producto de un grupo de interés impopular y por lo tanto susceptible de ser desvalorizada e ignorada sin riesgo.
Los sindicatos americanos han casi siempre fallado en obtener una legislación que permita avanzar su fuerza institucional y su legitimidad política. Para comprender porqué, este ensayo explora los tres regimenes distintos que han gobernado la negociación sindical, con los empleadores, con los demócratas y con el estado, durante la era desde el New Deal. Estos regimenes son: la era del New Deal (1933-1947) durante los cuales una politización corporativa de todas las cuestiones salariales, de precio y de producción aseguró un cierto nivel de compra; los años del clásico pluralismo industrial y de la negociación colectiva (1947-1980), en que las relaciones industriales fueron en gran medida reprivatizadas ; y por último, el momento actual (desde los años 1980 en adelante) en que el movimiento laboral existe y tiene la posibilidad de crecer en gran parte del sector gubernamental y del sector de servicios. Una forma muy politizada de negociación tripartita entre compañías, sindicatos y gobierno (principalmente del estado y de nivel local), ha procurado la vía principal para aumentar el ingreso social y construir núcleos de influencia sindical en los sectores económicos claves dependientes del gobierno.
Con la llegada de la era de Obama, este tercer sistema está convirtiéndose en la única alternativa disponible, aunque esto parece estar muy lejos de las expectativas laborales.
Palabras clave:
- trabajo,
- corporalismo,
- negociación colectiva,
- sindicatos,
- AFL-CIO,
- Partido Democrático
Parties annexes
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