Résumés
Abstract
We examined the impact of generations on individual work values in Quebec and the United Arab Emirates. We used two convenience samples, encompassing 186 French-speaking Canadians in Quebec and 252 Arabs in the United Arab Emirates. We used an abridged version of Wils, Luncasu and Waxin (2007) work value inventory, including 28 work values arranged on four poles: self-enhancement, self-transcendence, openness-to-change and conservation.
Using multidimensional analyses, we validated the structuring of our work value inventory in both samples. We used MANCOVA analyses to examine intergenerational and cultural work value differences. In the Quebec sample, there were no significant differences between generations in their scores on the four work value poles, supporting Inglehart’s theory (1971, 2008).
In the Arab sample, the younger generation attached less importance to self-enhancement, but more importance to self-transcendence than the older generation with a small effect size. Inglehart’s theory (1971, 2008) also predicts a shift to post-materialistic values associated with the transition from a poorer to a richer society. We found that cultural origin had no significant, direct effect on the average score on each work value pole. Gerhart and Fang (2005) also found that the impact of culture is often exaggerated in HR management research. We found a significant interaction between cultural origin and gender for the self-transcendence pole. Since we found a high diversity in work values among generations, our results do not support the idea that human resource management practices should be adjusted for different generations. Our study confirms the importance of selective hiring within high performance work systems (HPWS), because within each country and each generation, there were respondents with a wide variety of work value preferences, making it possible to recruit selectively in order to achieve the best fit between the work values of employees and the philosophical principles underlying HPWS.
Keywords:
- work value structuring,
- generations,
- culture,
- Quebec,
- United Arab Emirates,
- gender
Résumé
Plusieurs auteurs prétendent que les organisations vont devoir faire face inévitablement à un «choc des générations» qui serait provoqué par des différences intergénérationnelles marquées des valeurs au travail. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner les valeurs au travail des générations d’individus ayant des origines culturelles différentes. À partir de deux échantillons (186 répondants au Québec et 252 répondants aux Émirats Arabes Unis), l’analyse multidimensionnelle a permis de valider la structure des valeurs au travail d’une version courte de l’inventaire des valeurs au travail (IVT de Wils, Luncasu et Waxin, 2007), et ce tant au Québec qu’aux Émirats Arabes Unis.
Cette analyse a démontré l’existence de quatre pôles de valeurs au travail : affirmation de soi opposée au dépassement de soi et conservatisme opposé à l’ouverture au changement. Dans l’échantillon québécois, l’analyse (MANOVA) n’a pas révélé de différences significatives sur ces pôles de valeurs entre les différentes générations, ce qui est en accord avec la théorie de Inglehart (1971, 2008). En revanche, la jeune génération arabe attache moins d’importance à l’affirmation de soi, mais plus d’importance au dépassement de soi que la génération arabe plus âgée, avec toutefois un effet de taille modeste. Ce résultat est intéressant, car il pointe vers un changement majeur des valeurs au travail dans notre échantillon arabe, la nouvelle génération accordant davantage d’importance aux valeurs post-matérialistes qu’aux valeurs matérialistes, ce qui est compatible avec la théorie de Inglehart.
Nos résultats montrent aussi que la culture d’origine n’a pas d’impact significatif sur les pôles de valeurs, ce qui est en accord avec les propos de Gerhart et Fang (2005). Il faut aussi noter que les résultats ont montré une interaction significative entre la culture d’origine et le genre. En conclusion, les résultats de notre étude indiquent que les différences de valeurs au travail sont plus hétérogènes qu’on ne le pense (peu de différences individuelles entre les générations et les origines culturelles). Cette diversité des valeurs au travail ne milite pas en faveur d’une individualisation de la gestion des ressources humaines.
Mots-clés :
- structuration des valeurs au travail,
- générations,
- culture,
- Québec,
- Arabes,
- genre
Resumen
Varios autores pretenden que las organizaciones van a tener que hacer frente inevitablemente al “choque de generaciones” que sería provocado por las diferencias intergeneracionales marcadas por los valores de trabajo. El objeto de nuestra investigación es de examinar los valores de trabajo de las generaciones de individuos con orígenes culturales diferentes. A partir de dos muestras (186 participantes de Québec y 252 participantes de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos), el análisis multidimensional ha permitido validar la estructura de valores de trabajo de una versión corta del inventario de valores de trabajo (IVT de Wils, Luncasu y Waxin, 2007), y esto tanto en Québec que en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos.
Este análisis ha demostrado la existencia de cuatro polos de valores de trabajo: afirmación de si mismo opuesto a sobrepasarse y conservatismo opuesto al cambio. En la muestra quebequense, el análisis (MANOVA) no ha revelado diferencias significativas sobre estos polos de valores entre las diferentes generaciones, lo que coincide con la teoría de Inglehart (1971, 2008). En contraposición, la joven generación árabe atribuye menos importancia a la afirmación personal pero mayor importancia a sobrepasarse que la generación árabe de mayor edad pero con efecto de talla modesto. Este resultado es interesante pues apunta hacia un cambio mayor de valores de trabajo en nuestra muestra árabe, dado que la nueva generación atribuye más importancia a los valores post-materialistas que a los valores materialistas, lo que es compatible con la teoría de Inglehart.
Nuestros resultados muestran que la cultura de origen no tiene impacto significativo sobre los polos de valores, lo que es conforme con las declaraciones de Gerhart y Fang (2005). Hay que resaltar también que los resultados han mostrado una interacción significativa entre la cultura de origen y el género. En conclusión, los resultados de nuestro estudio indican que las diferencias de valores de trabajo son más heterogéneos que lo se piensa (pocas diferencias individuales entre las generaciones y los origines culturales). Esta diversidad de valores de trabajo no millita en favor de una individualización de la gestión de recursos humanos.
Palabras clave:
- estructuración de los valores de trabajo,
- cultura,
- Québec,
- árabes,
- género
Parties annexes
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