Résumés
Résumé
À l’occasion d’une élection opposant des chefs de parti de sexe différent, il se peut que la couverture médiatique reflète une conception du leadership politique marquée par la spécificité de genre. Les auteures ont cherché, dans leur étude, à vérifier la présence et l’ampleur de ce phénomène par la comparaison de la couverture médiatique de Kim Campbell et celle de son principal adversaire, le chef libéral Jean Chrétien, lors de l’élection fédérale de 1993, dans le quotidien anglophone national The Globe and Mail. À l’aide de techniques d’analyse de contenu et de critique du discours, elles ont analysé les représentations de la personnalité de chaque chef, ainsi que de son comportement et de ses discours durant la campagne. Bien que la couverture fasse état du sexe de Campbell, le discours journalistique l’inscrivait néanmoins dans une arène mâle, où elle était présentée comme étant aussi combative et pugnace que son adversaire masculin. L’effet du genre était particulièrement évident dans les descriptions des discours électoraux des chefs, où les auteurs ont observé que Campbell était plus souvent jugée sur des questions de style oratoire que son adversaire. De plus, ces jugements marqués par le genre étaient profondément négatifs. Se basant sur ces résultats, les auteures soutiennent que la représentation médiatique des prestations électorales de Kim Campbell a pu affaiblir la perception de sa légitimité en tant que chef politique et de sa capacité à diriger le pays à titre de première ministre.
Abstract
Media coverage of elections contested by competitive male and female party leaders may reflect gendered norms of political leadership. To determine the presence and extensiveness of gendered mediation of political leadership, our study compared coverage of Kim Campbell and her primary opponent, Liberal leader Jean Chrétien, by Canada’s English-language national newspaper, the Globe and Mail, during the 1993 Canadian federal election. Using content and critical discourse analysis techniques, we analyzed representations of the two leaders’ personas, campaign performances and speech acts. We found that although Campbell’s sex was noted in the coverage, she was written into the masculine game frame for election reporting and presented as equally combative and pugilistic as her male opponent. Gendered mediation was most clearly revealed in descriptions of the leaders’ campaign speeches, as Campbell’s speaking style was significantly more likely than Chrétien’s to be described and evaluated and assessments of her public speech were gendered and profoundly negative in tone. Based on these findings we argue that representations of Kim Campbell’s campaign performances may have damaged perceptions of her legitimacy as a political leader and capacity to succeed in the prime ministerial role.
Parties annexes
Références
- ALLEN, Stuart, 2004 News Culture. 2e éd., Berkshire, Open University Press.
- Bashevkin, Sylvia, 2009 Women, Power, Politics : The Hidden Story of Canada’s Unfinished Democracy. Don Mills, Oxford University Press.
- Baxter, Judith (dir.), 2006 Speaking Out : The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Hampshire et New York, Palgrave.
- Butler, Judith, 1990 Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, Routledge.
- BYSTROM, Diane, Terry A. ROBERTSON et Mary Christine BANWART, 2001« Framing the Fight : An Analysis of Media Coverage of Female and Male Candidates in Primary Races for Governor and U.S. Senate in 2000 », American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 12 : 1999-2013.
- Bystrom, Diane et autres, 2004 Gender and Candidate Communication. New York et Londres, Routledge.
- Cameron, Deborah, 2006 « Theorizing the Female Voice in Public Contexts », dans Judith Baxter (dir.), Speaking Out : The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Hampshire et New York, Palgrave : 3-20.
- Cappella, Joseph N. et Kathleen Hall Jamieson, 1997 Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York, Oxford University Press.
- Carroll, Susan J. et Ronnee Schreiber, 1997 « Media Coverage of Women in the 103rd Congress », dans Pippa Norris (dir.), Women, Media and Politics. New York, Oxford University Press : 131-148.
- Clare, Jillian, 2002 « Making Spectacles of Ourselves : The Site/Sight of Woman as Leader », Politics, Values, Culture, Gender and Communication, [En ligne], [www.bond.edu.au/hss/communication/ANZCA/journpg3.htm] (12 mars 2003).
- Devitt, James, 1999 Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail; Women’s Executive Leadership and the Press, rapport destiné au Women’s Leadership Fund, [198.65.255.167/v2/researchandreports/framinggender/Framing_Gender_Report.pdf] (15 août 2009).
- Entman, Robert M., 1993 « Framing : Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm », Journal of Communication, 43, 34 : 41-58.
- Everitt, Joanna et Elisabeth Gidengil, 2003 « Tough Talk : How Television News Covers Male and Female Leaders of Canadian Political Parties », dans Manon Tremblay et Linda Trimble (dir.), Women and Electoral Politics in Canada. Toronto, Oxford University Press : 194-210.
- Feder, Fred et autres, 2001 Reporting for the Media. New York, Oxford University Press.
- Fountaine, Susan, 2002 Women Players : The Game Frame in the 1999 General Election, Massey University, NZ Centre for Women and Leadership Working Paper Series 02/2, [En ligne], [massey/fms//Colleges/College%20of%20Business/NZCWL/pdfs/workingpaperFountaine.pdf] (15 août 2009).
- Fountaine, Susan et Judy McGregor, 2003 « Reconstructing Gender for the 21st Century : News Media Framing of Political Women in New Zealand », [En ligne], www.bond.edu.au/hss/communication/ANZCA/papers/JMcGregorSFountainePaper.pdf février 2003).
- Gidengil, Elisabeth et Joanna Everitt, 2003a « Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians : Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders’ Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000 », Revue canadienne de science politique, 36, 3 : 559-577.
- Gidengil, Elisabeth et Joanna Everitt, 2003b « Talking Tough : Gender and Reported Speech in Campaign News Coverage », Political Communication, 20, 3 : 209-232.
- Gidengil, Elisabeth et Joanna Everitt, 2000 « Filtering the Female : Television News Coverage of the 1993 Canadian Leaders’ Debates », Women & Politics, 21, 4 : 105-131.
- Gidengil, Elisabeth et Joanna Everitt, 1999 « Metaphors and Misrepresentation : Gendered Mediation in News Coverage of the 1993 Canadian Leaders’ Debates », Press/Politics, 4, 1 : 48-65.
- Gilmartin, Patricia, 2001 « Still the Angel in the Household : Political Cartoons of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Campaign », Women & Politics, 22, 4 : 51-67.
- Goffman, Erving, 1974 Frame Analysis : An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
- Goodyear-Grant, Elizabeth, 2009 « Crafting a Public Image : Women MPs and the Dynamics of Media Coverage », dans Sylvia Bashevkin (dir.), Opening Doors Wider : Women’s Political Engagement in Canada. Vancouver et Toronto, UBC Press : 147-166.
- Heldman, Caroline, Susan J. Carroll et Stephanie Olson, 2005 « ?She Brought Only a Skirt’ : Print Media Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s of Elizabeth Dole’s Bid for the Republican Presidential Nomination », Political Communication, 22, 3 : 315-335.
- Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 1995 Beyond the Double Bind : Women and Leadership. New York et Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- KAHN, Kim Fridkin, 1996The Political Consequences of Being a Woman. New York, Columbia University Press.
- KAHN, Kim Fridkin, 1994 « The Distorted Mirror : Press Coverage of Women Candidates for Statewide Office », Journal of Politics, 56,1 : 154-173.
- KAHN, Kim Fridkin, 1992 « Does Being Male Help? An Investigation of the Effects of Candidate Gender and Campaign Coverage on Evaluations of U.S. Senate Candidates », The Journal of Politics, 54, 2 : 497-517.
- KAHN, Kim Fridkin et Edie N. goldenberg, 1991 « Women Candidates in the News : An Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage », Public Opinion Quarterly, 55 : 180-199.
- Kittilson, Miki Caul et Kim Fridkin, 2008 « Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns : A Comparative Perspective », Politics & Gender, 4, 3 : 371-392.
- Lawrence, Regina G. et Melody Rose, 2010 Hillary Clinton’s Race for the White House : Gender Politics & the Media on the Campaign Trail. Boulder et Londres, Lynne Rienner.
- Lee, Francis L.F., 2004 « Constructing Perfect Women : The Portrayal of Female Officials in Hong Kong Newspapers », Media, Culture & Society, 26, 2 : 207-225.
- Litosseliti, Lia, 2006 « Constructing Gender in Public Arguments : The Female Voice as Emotional Voice », dans Judith Baxter (dir.), Speaking Out : The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Hampshire et New York, Palgrave : 40-58.
- McGregor, Judy, 1996 « Gender Politics and the News : The Search for a Beehive Bimbo-Boadicea », dans Judy McGregor (dir.), Dangerous Democracy? News Media Politics in New Zealand. Palmerston North, NZ, Dunmore Press : 181-196.
- Neuman, W. Lawrence, 2000 Social Research Methods : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 4e éd., Toronto, Allyn and Bacon.
- Norris, Pippa, 1997a « Introduction : Women, Media and Politics », dans Pippa Norris (dir.), Women, Media and Politics. New York, Oxford University Press : 1-40.
- Norris, Pippa, 1997b « Women Leaders Worldwide : A Splash of Color in the Photo Op », dans Pippa Norris (dir.), Women, Media and Politics. New York, Oxford University Press : 149-165.
- Nunn, Heather, 2002 Thatcher, Politics and Fantasy : The Political Culture of Gender and Nation. London, Lawrence & Wishart.
- Patterson, Thomas E., 1994 Out of Order. New York, Vintage.
- Robinson, Gertrude J. et Armande Saint-Jean, 1996 « From Flora to Kim : Thirty Years of Representation of Canadian Women Politicians », dans Helen Holmes et David Taras (dir.), Seeing Ourselves : Media Power and Policy in Canada, 2e éd., Toronto, Harcourt Brace : 23-36.
- Robinson, 1991 « Women Politicians and their Media Coverage : A Generational Analysis », dans Kathy Megyery (dir.), Women in Canadian Politics : Toward Equity in Representation, Research Studies for the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, vol. 6. Toronto, Dundurn Press : 127-169.
- Ross, Karen, 2002 Women, Politics, Media: Uneasy Relations in Comparative Perspective. Cresskill, NJ, Hampton Press.
- Ross, Karen, 1995 « Gender and Party Politics : How the Press Reported the Labour Leadership Campaign, 1994 », Media, Culture & Society, 17 : 499-509.
- Ross, Karen et Annabelle Sreberny, 2000 « Women in the House : Media Representation of British Politicians », dans Annabelle Sreberny et Liesbet van Zoonen (dir.), Gender, Politics and Communication. Cresskill, Hampton Press : 79-99.
- Sampert, Shannon et Linda Trimble, 2003 « ?Wham, Bam, Thank You Ma’am’ : Gender and the Game Frame in National Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000 », dans Manon Tremblay et Linda Trimble (dir.), Women and Electoral Politics in Canada. Toronto, Oxford University Press : 211-226.
- Scharrer, Erica, 2002 « An ?Improbable Leap’ : A Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Hillary Clinton’s Transition from First Lady to Senate Candidate », Journalism Studies, 3, 3 : 393-406.
- Semetko, Holli. A. et Hajo G. Boomgaarden, 2007 « Reporting Germany’s 2005 Bundestag Election Campaign : Was Gender an Issue? », Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12, 4 : 154-171.
- Shaw, Sylvia, 2006 « Governed by the Rules? The Female Voice in Parliamentary Debates », dans Judith Baxter (dir.), Speaking Out : The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Hampshire et New York, Palgrave : 81-102.
- Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle et Karen Ross, 1996 « Women MPs and the Media : Representing the Body Politic », Parliamentary Affairs, 49, 1 : 103-115.
- TARAS, David, 1999 Power and Betrayal in the Canadian Mass Media. Peterborough. Broadview Press.
- Tremblay, Manon et Nathalie Bélanger, 1997 « Femmes chefs de partis politiques et caricatures éditoriales: l’élection fédérale canadienne de 1993 », Recherches féministes, 10, 1 : 35-75.
- Trimble, Liesbet, 2006 « The Personal, the Political and the Popular : A Woman’s Guide to Celebrity Politics », European Journal of Cultural Studies, 9, 3 : 287-301.
- Trimble, Liesbet, 1994 Feminist Media Studies. London, Sage.
- Trimble, Linda, 2007 « Gender, Political Leadership and Media Visibility : Globe and Mail Coverage of Conservative Party of Canada Leadership Contests », Canadian Journal of Political Science, 40, 4 : 969-993.
- Trimble, Linda et Joanna Everitt, 2010 « Belinda Stronach and the Gender Politics of Celebrity », dans Shannon Sampert et Linda Trimble (dir.), Mediating Canadian Politics. Scarborough, Pearson : 50-74.
- Trimble, Linda et Shannon Sampert, 2004 « Who’s in the Game? The Framing of the Canadian Election 2000 by The Globe and Mail and The National Post », Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37, 1 : 51-71.
- Van Acker, Elizabeth, 1999 Different Voices : Gender and Politics in Australia. South Yarra, MacMillan Education.
- van Dijk, Teun, 1993 « Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis », Discourse & Society, 4, 2 : 249-283.
- van Dijk, Teun, 1991 Racism and the Press. London, Routledge.
- VAN ZOONEN, Liesbet, 1994 Feminist Media Studies. London, Sage.