Résumés
Abstract
This article focuses on the Socinian ethical treatise Ethica Aristotelica, written by Johann Crell in c. 1622 in Raków, Poland. It is commonly believed that this work, which systematized the theory contained in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, was a simple compendium intended for exclusive use at the Racovian Academy, an educational institution that welcomed students of diverse religious backgrounds. However, a careful reading of the treatise shows that behind a veil of Aristotelian thought, controversial elements of the Socinian faith were smuggled into the text. These were primarily the idea of Pelagianism and the belief in the human nature of Christ. In the present article, a careful analysis accompanied by several lines of evidence support the idea thatEthica Aristotelica also represents an instrument for promoting the Socinian faith, initially among the students of the Academy, and then, with the print of the first edition in the Netherlands in 1650, among other European confessions.
Keywords:
- Johann Crell,
- Aristotle,
- Nicomachean Ethics,
- Raków,
- Socinianism,
- Virtue
Résumé
Cet article s’intéresse à l’Ethica Aristotelica, un traité d’éthique socinien rédigé par Johann Crell vers 1622 à Raków, en Pologne. Il est communément admis que cet ouvrage, qui systématisait le contenu théorique de l’Éthique à Nicomaque d’Aristote, était une simple compilation destinée à l’usage exclusif de l’Académie racovienne, un établissement d’enseignement qui accueillait des étudiants de diverses confessions religieuses. Cependant, un examen attentif du traité révèle que des éléments controversés de la foi socinienne ont été introduits dans le texte sous le voile de la pensée aristotélicienne, soit principalement l’idée de pélagianisme et la croyance en la nature humaine du Christ. Cet article propose une analyse minutieuse du texte accompagnée de plusieurs éléments de preuve soutenant l’idée que l’Ethica Aristotelica représente également un instrument de promotion de la foi socinienne, d’abord au sein des étudiants de l’Académie, puis, avec l’impression de la première édition aux Pays-Bas en 1650, au sein d’autres communautés religieuses d’Europe.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Augustyniak, Urszula. History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-05491-0.
- Belucci, Dino. “Natural Philosophy and Ethics in Melanchthon.” In Moral Philosophy on the Threshold of Modernity, edited by Jill Kraye and Risto Saarinen, 235–54. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3001-0_12.
- Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum: Johannis Crellii Franci Operum Tomus Quartus, Scripta Ejusdem Didactica et Polemica. Vol. 4. Amsterdam, 1656.
- Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum: Fausti Socini Opera Omnia in duos tomos distincta. Vol. 1. Amsterdam, 1656.
- Bock, Friedrich S. Historia antitrinitariorum, maxime socinianismi et socinianorum […]. 2 vols. Königsberg and Leipzig, 1774.
- Chmaj, Ludwik, ed. Studia z dziejów ideologii religijnej XVI I XVII wieku [Studies in the history of religious ideology of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1960.
- Crell, Christopher. Dissertatio super Ethicis Crellianis. In Ethica Aristotelica, ad Sacrarum Literarum normam emendata […], by Johann Crell. Amsterdam, 1681.
- Crell, Johann. Ethica Aristotelica, ad Sacrarum Literarum normam emendata. Eiusdem Ethica Christiana, seu explicatio virtutum et vitiorum, quorum in Sacris Literis fit mentio […]. Amsterdam, 1681. First published 1650.
- Crell, Johann. Oratio secunda. Cur nec Moses nec Philosophi perfectam virtutem praescribere et constanter urgere potuerint. In J. Crellii Franci Ethica Aristotelica, ad Sacrarum Literarum normam emendata […], 639–654. Amsterdam, 1681. First published 1650.
- Daugirdas, Kęstutis. Die Anfänge des Sozinianismus: Genese und Eindringen des historisch-ethischen Religionsmodells in den universitären Diskurs der Evangelischen in Europa. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2016. https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666101427.
- Facca, Danilo. Early Modern Aristotelianism, and the Making of Philosophical Disciplines: Metaphysics, Ethics and Politics. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
- Fock, Otto. Der Socinianismus nach seiner Stellung in der Gesamtentwicklung des christlichenGeistes, nach seinem historischen Verlauf und nach seinem Lehrbegriff. Kiel, 1847.
- Fournenc, Jacques. Universae philosophiae synopsis […]. Vol. 1. Paris, 1655.
- Genovesi, Antonio. Elementa metaphysicae mathematicum in morem adornata. Vol. 2. Naples, 1751.
- Gosławski, Adam. De veritate [et] virtute morali ex libro Ethicorum Nicomachiorum potissimum quarto desumpta. Strasbourg, 1596.
- Gosławski, Adam. Libri primi Ethicorum Nicomachiorum interpretatio analytica. Strasbourg: M. Mangeri, 1598.
- Grotius, Hugo. Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi, adversum Faustum Socinum Senensem. Leiden, 1617.
- Junius, Franciscus. Examen enunciationum et argumentationum. Leiden, 1596.
- Knijff, Philip, and Sibbe Jan Visser. Bibliographia Sociniana: A Bibliographical Reference Tool for the Study of Dutch Socinianism and Antitrinitaranism. Edited by Piet Visser. Amsterdam: Doopsgezinde Historische Kring, 2004.
- Kraye, Jill. “Conceptions of Moral Philosophy.” In The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, edited by Daniel Garber and Michael Ayers, 1279–316. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572330.008.
- Kurdybacha, Łukasz. Z dziejów pedagogiki ariańskiej [History of Arian pedagogy]. Warsaw: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1958.
- Laskowska, Anna M. Rakowscy arystotelicy: Johann Crell Ethica Aristotelica. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Sub Lupa, 2020.
- Lepszy, Kazimierz. Dzieje Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach 1364–1764 [History of the Jagiellonian University from 1364 to 1764]. Vol. 1. Kraków: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1964.
- Lines, David A. “Aristotle’s Ethics in the Renaissance.” In The Reception of Aristotle’s Ethics, edited by Jon Miller, 171–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979873.010.
- Lines, David A. “Humanistic and Scholastic Ethics.” In The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy, edited by James Hankins, 304–18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL052184648X.016.
- Mährle, Wolfgang. Academia Norica: Wissenschaft und Bildung an der Nürnberger Hohen Schule in Altdorf (1575–1623). Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000.
- Moellerus, Johannes Gottlieb. Dodecas disputationum ethicarum […].Gdańsk, 1697.
- Mortimer, Sarah. Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676260.
- Mulsow, Martin, “The ‘New Socinians’: Intertextuality and Cultural Exchange in Late Socinianism.” In Socinianism and Arminianism, Antitrinitarian, Calvinists and Cultural Exchange in Seventeenth-Century Europe, edited by Martin Mulsow and Jan Rohls, 49–78. Leiden: Brill, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047416098_003.
- Ogonowski, Zbigniew. Filozofia i myśl społeczna XVII wieku [Philosophy and social thought of the seventeenth century]. Vol. 2. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979.
- Ogonowski, Zbigniew. Socynianizm a Oświecenie: Studia nad myśla filozoficzno-religijna arian w Polsce XVII wieku [Socinianism and the enlightenment: Studies on the philosophical and religious thought of arians in seventeenth century Poland]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1966.
- Ogonowski, Zbigniew. “Teologia naturalna [Natural theology].” Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce 9 (1964): 139–88.
- Ogonowski, Zbigniew. Z zagadnień tolerancji w Polsce XVII wieku [On problems of tolerance in Poland of the seventeenth century]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1958.
- Pastorius, Joachim. Vita Johannis Crellii Franci a I.P.M.D. ante plures annos descripta. In Ethica Aristotelica, ad Sacrarum Literarum normam emendata […], by Johann Crell. Amsterdam, 1681.
- Pufendorf, Samuel von. Jus feciale divinum. Lübeck, 1695.
- Quatrini, Francesco. “Religious Tolerance and Freedom of Prophesying: Social and Intellectual Interrelations between the Polish Brethren and the Collegiants in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam.” Church History and Religious Culture 101, no. 2–3 (2021): 286–305. https://doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10028.
- Quirini-Popławska, Danuta. “Attempts to Modernize the Curriculum at the Academy of Kraków in the 16th Century and the Influence of Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno on Polish Philosophical Thought.” In Philosophical Innovation and the University from the 16th Century to the Early 20th, edited by Gregorio Piaia and Marco Forlivesi, 33–49. Padua: Cooperativa Libraria Editrice dell’Università di Padova, 2011.
- Salatowsky, Sascha. Die Philosophie der Sozinianer: Transformationen zwischen Renaissance Aristotelismus und Frühaufklärung. Stuttgart: Bad Cannstatt, 2015.
- Sandius, Christophorus. Bibliotheca Anti-Trinitariorum sive Catalogus Scriptorum […]. Freistadt: Aconius, 1684.
- Schmeisser, Martin. “Johann Crells aristotelische Ethik und die Moralphilosophie an der Academia Norica in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 17. Jahrhunderts.” In Religiöser Nonkonformismus und frühneuzeitliche Gelehrtenkultur, edited by Friedrich Vollhardt, 101–20. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110346732.101.
- Sipayłło, Maria. Akta synodów różnowierczych w Polsce [Acts of dissenting synods in Poland]. Vol. 3, Małopolska 1571–1632. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1983.
- Slee, J. C. De geschiedenis van het socinianisme in de Nederlanden. Haarlem: Erven F. Bohn, 1914.
- Socinus, Faustus. Defensio disputationis suae de loco VII capitis Epistolae ad Romanos […]. In Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum: Fausti Socini Opera Omnia in duos tomos distincta. 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1656.
- Socinus, Faustus. De Jesu Christo Servatore. [Raków?]: Alexii Rodecii, 1594.
- Socinus, Faustus. Praelectiones theologicae. Raków, 1609.
- Szczucki, Lech, and Janusz Tazbir, eds. Epitome colloquii Racoviae habiti anno 1601. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1966.
- Walaeus, Antoni. Compendium ethicae Aristotelicae ad normam veritatis Christianae revocatum. Leiden, 1620.
- Wallace, Robert. Antitrinitarian Biography. 3 vols. London: E. T. Whitfield, 1850.
- Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and its Antecedents. Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.
- Williams, George Hunston, ed. The Polish Brethren: Documentation of the History and Thought of Unitarianism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Diaspora, 1601–1685. Part 1. Missoula, MO: Scholars Press, 1980.
- Wissowatius, Andreas. Religio rationalis. [Amsterdam?], 1685.
- Wissowatius, Andreas. Stimuli virtutum, fraena peccatorum. Amsterdam, 1682.