Résumés
Abstract
This article explores the significance of the art of memory as a mnemonic poetics in Philip Sidney’s literary theory and practice. The art of memory is more than an ancient mnemonic method, I argue; rather, it constitutes a poetics that evolves from Plato to Petrarch as part of an interdisciplinary dialogue and debate about how the past is remembered (particularly through love stories) and remade in the present. This tradition of mnemonic poetics is central to Sidney’s portrayal of the art of poetry as an art of memory in his Apology for Poetry, a tradition that Sidney remembers anew in his sonnet sequence, Astrophil and Stella. Sidney constructs his poem as a memory theatre in which he demonstrates and indeed dramatizes the art of memory indirectly and ironically: through a poetic persona, Astrophil, who longs for an “art of forgetting” in his pursuit of originality.
Keywords:
- Philip Sidney,
- Mnemonics,
- Rhetoric,
- Poetics,
- Sonnets,
- Ruin,
- Simonides,
- Cicero,
- Plato
Résumé
Cet article s’intéresse à l’art de la mémoire comme une poétique mnémonique dans la théorie et la pratique littéraires de Philip Sidney. Nous avançons que, plus qu’une méthode mnémonique ancienne, l’art de la mémoire constitue une poétique qui évolue de Platon à Pétrarque au sein d’un dialogue et d’un débat interdisciplinaires sur la manière dont le passé est remémoré (notamment à travers les histoires d’amour) et réactivé dans le présent. Cette tradition d’une poétique mnémonique est centrale dans la représentation de l’art poétique comme art de la mémoire dans l’Apology for Poetry, tradition que Sidney fait renaître dans les sonnets d’Astrophil and Stella. Sidney construit son poème comme un théâtre de la mémoire dans lequel il représente et met en scène l’art de la mémoire de façon indirecte et ironique, soit à travers une persona poétique, Astrophil, qui aspire à un « art de l’oubli » dans sa quête d’originalité.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Armstrong, Edward. A Ciceronian Sunburn: A Tudor Dialogue on Humanistic Rhetoric and Civic Poetics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.
- Assmann, Aleida. Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Arts of Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Augustine. Confessions. Translated by R. S. Pine-Coffin. New York: Penguin, 1961.
- Bates, Catherine. On Not Defending Poetry: Defence and Indefensibility in Sidney’s Defence of Poesy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. https:// doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793779.001.0001.
- Beecher, Donald, and Grant Williams, eds. Ars Reminiscendi: Mind and Memory in Renaissance Culture. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2009.
- Bolzoni, Lina. The Gallery of Memory: Literary and Iconographic Models in the Age of the Printing Press. Translated by Jeremy Parzen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442681330.
- Carruthers, Mary J. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Cicero on Oratory and Orators. Translated by J. S. Watson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970.
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De finibus bonorum et malorum. Translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
- Coleman, Janet. Ancient and Medieval Memories: Studies in the Reconstruction of the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. https://doi. org/10.1017/CBO9780511521331.
- Cousins, A. D. “Cupid, Choice, and Rewriting Petrarch in the Early Sonnets of Astrophil and Stella.” Parergon 34, no. 1 (2017): 75–93. https://doi. org/10.1353/pgn.2017.0003.
- Dante Alighieri. Dante’s Vita Nuova. Translated by Mark Musa. Bloomington: Illinois University Press, 1973.
- Dante Alighieri. Purgatorio. In The Divine Comedy. Translated by John Ciardi. New York: New American Library, 2003.
- Doherty, M. J. The Mistress-Knowledge: Sir Philip Sidney’s Defense of Poesy and Literary Architectonics in the English Renaissance. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1991.
- Donne, John. John Donne. Edited by John Carey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
- Dubrow, Heather. Echoes of Desire: English Petrarchism and Its Counterdiscourses. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
- Duncan-Jones, Katherine. Sir Philip Sidney: Courtier Poet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
- Engel, William E. Mapping Mortality: The Persistence of Memory and Melancholy in Early Modern England. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.
- Engel, William E., Rory Laughnane, and Grant Williams, eds. Memory and Mortality in Renaissance England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Ferguson, Margaret. Trials of Desire: Renaissance Defenses of Poetry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983.
- Galbraith, David. Architectonics of Imitation in Spenser, Daniel, and Drayton. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3138 /9781442670945.
- Gordon, Andrew, and Thomas Rist, eds. The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England: Memorial Cultures of the Post Reformation. Surrey: Ashgate, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315612669.
- Hager, Alan. Dazzling Images: The Masks of Sir Philip Sidney. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1991.
- Hardison, O. B., Jr. “The Two Voices of Sidney’s Apology for Poetry.” English Literary Renaissance 2, no. 1 (Winter 1972): 83–99. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/43447031.
- Havelock, Eric A. Preface to Plato. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963.
- Helfer, Rebeca. Spenser’s Ruins and the Art of Recollection. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442660571.
- Helgerson, Richard. The Elizabethan Prodigals. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
- Herman, Peter. Squitter-Wits and Muse-Haters: Sidney, Spenser, Milton and Renaissance Attacks on Poetry. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
- Hiscock, Andrew. Reading Memory in Early Modern Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781139028035.
- Hutton, Patrick H. History as an Art of Memory. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1993.
- Ivic, Christopher, and Grant Williams, eds. Forgetting in Early Modern English Literature and Culture: Lethe’s Legacies. New York: Routledge, 2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203417089.
- Katz, David A. “Recent Studies of Rhetorical Poetics.” English Literary Renaissance 51, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 303–30. https://doi.org/10.1086/713488.
- Kennedy, William. The Site of Petrarchism: Early Modern National Sentiment in Italy, France, and England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
- Kinney, Arthur F. “The Significance of Sidney’s Defense of Poesie as a Parody.” SEL 7 (1969): 1–20.
- Klein, Lisa. The Exemplary Sidney and the Elizabethan Sonneteer. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998.
- Knecht, Ross. The Grammar Rules of Affection: Passion and Pedagogy in Sidney, Shakespeare, and Jonson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487538323.
- Lanham, Richard A. “Astrophil and Stella: Pure and Impure Persuasion.” English Literary Renaissance 2, no. 1 (Winter 1972): 100–15. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1475-6757.1972.tb00992.x.
- Lee, Rensselaer W. Ut Pictura Poesis: The Humanistic Theory of Painting. New York: W. W. Norton, 1967.
- Marotti, Arthur F. “ ‘Love Is Not Love’: Elizabethan Sonnet Sequences and the Social Order.” English Literary History 49, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 396–428. https://doi.org/10.2307/2872989.
- Mazzotta, Guiseppe. The Worlds of Petrarch. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822382614.
- Murrin, Michael. The Veil of Allegory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
- Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Routledge, 1982. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203103258.
- Petrarch, Francesco. Petrarch’s Lyric Poems: The Rime Sparse and Other Lyrics. Translated and edited by Robert M. Durling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- Phillippy, Patricia. Love’s Remedies: Recantation and Renaissance Lyric Poetry. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.
- Phillippy, Patricia. Shaping Remembrance from Shakespeare to Milton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/ 9781108394697.
- Plato. Phaedrus. In The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Translated by R. Hackforth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
- Plato. Republic. In The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Translated by Paul Shorey. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
- Plato. Symposium. In The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Translated by Michael Joyce. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
- Plutarch. “On the Fame of Athens.” In Plutarch: Essays. Translated by Robin Waterfield. New York: Penguin, 1992.
- Robinson, Forrest G. The Shape of Things Known: Sidney’s Apology in Its Philosophical Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674420489.
- Roche, Thomas, Jr. Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences. New York: AMS Press, 1989.
- Rossi, Paolo. Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language. Translated by Stephen Clucas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
- Sidney, Philip. An Apology for Poetry. Edited by Forrest G. Robinson. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
- Sidney, Philip. Astrophil and Stella. In Sir Philip Sidney: A Critical Edition of the Major Works. Edited by Katherine Duncan-Jones. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Sinfield, Alan. “The Cultural Poetics of the Defence of Poetry.” In Sir Philip Sidney and the Interpretation of Renaissance Culture: The Poet in His Time and in Ours, edited by Gary F. Waller and Michael D. Moore, 124–43. Totowa, NJ: Croom Helm, 1984.
- Sloan, Thomas O., and Raymond B. Waddington, eds. The Rhetoric of Renaissance Poetry: From Wyatt to Milton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
- Sokolov, Danila. “Sir Philip Sidney: Astrophil and Stella.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to the Sidneys, 1500–1700, ed. by Margaret P. Hannay, Marry Ellen Lamb, and Michael G. Brennan, 225–40. Vol. 2. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315173535.
- Spiller, Michael R. G. The Development of the Sonnet: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 1992.
- Stewart, Alan. Philip Sidney: A Double Life. London: Chatto and Windus, 2000.
- Stillman, Robert E. “Sir Philip Sidney: The Defense of Poesy.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to The Sidneys, 1500–1700, ed. by Margaret P. Hannay, Mary Ellen Lamb, and Michael G. Brennan, 153–74. Vol. 2. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315173535.
- Tota, Anna Lisa, and Trevor Hagen, eds. Routledge International Handbook of Memory Studies. New York: Routledge, 2016.
- Waller, Gary F. “The Rewriting of Petrarch: Sidney and the Languages of Sixteenth-Century Poetry.” In Sir Philip Sidney and the Interpretation of Renaissance Culture: The Poet in His Time and in Ours, edited by Gary F. Waller and Michael D. Moore, 69–83. Totowa, NJ: Croom Helm, 1984.
- Warley, Christopher. Sonnet Sequences and Social Distinction in Renaissance England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. https://doi. org/10.1017/CBO9780511484056.
- Weinrich, Harald. Lethe: The Art and Critique of Forgetting. Translated by Steven Rendall. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
- Yates, Frances. The Art of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
- Yates, Frances. Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1975.
- Yates, Frances. Theatre of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.