Résumés
Abstract
The question of whether or not to read poetry through an allegorizing lens had significant implications in the Middle Ages. The identification of allegories in a poetical text was highlighted by early supporters of poetry as the primary means of legitimizing the craft; regardless of whether a poet quoted a pagan god or a mythological figure, the true challenge was to find the real meaning beneath the surface. This approach—one embraced by Giovanni Boccaccio—offered a wealth of samples to the earliest readers of Dante’s Divine Comedy. At the end of the fourteenth century, some humanists started to call into question the theological stance on which the allegorical interpretations were based. In order to promote the autonomous status of poetry, literati of the calibre of Leonardo Bruni maintained that allegory was a double-edged sword. Inspired by Plato’s refusal of allegory, Bruni encouraged the reading of literary texts free from the restrictions of a theoretical superstructure. For proponents of these opposing tendencies, Dante represented a true case study, for he was both a theorist and a poet in his own right and could therefore nourish the reflections formulated by both camps.
Keywords:
- Dante Alighieri,
- Divine Comedy,
- Giovanni Boccaccio,
- Leonardo Bruni,
- Allegory,
- Poetics
Résumé
La question de savoir s’il fallait (ou pas) lire la poésie à travers une lentille allégorique était un enjeu d’importance au Moyen Âge. Les premiers partisans de la poésie avaient recours à l’identification des allégories dans un texte poétique comme principal moyen de légitimer cet art ; qu’un poète évoque un dieu païen ou une figure mythologique, le véritable défi consistait à trouver le sens profond auquel renvoyait cette référence. Cette approche, adoptée par Boccace, a offert de très nombreux exemples aux premiers lecteurs de la Divine Comedie de Dante. Toutefois, à la fin du XIVe siècle, certains humanistes ont commencé à remettre en question la perspective théologique sur laquelle reposaient ces interprétations allégoriques. Afin de promouvoir le statut autonome de la poésie, des lettrés de la trempe de Leonardo Bruni ont soutenu que l’allégorie était une arme à double tranchant. S’inspirant du refus de l’allégorie promulgué par Platon, Bruni encourageait une lecture des textes littéraires libérée des restrictions imposées par cette structure théorique. Pour les partisans de ces tendances opposées, Dante était un cas d’école : théoricien et lui-même poète, il pouvait nourrir les réflexions formulées par les deux camps.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Alighieri, Dante. 1993. Convivio. Edited by Giorgio Inglese. Milan: Bur.
- Alighieri, Dante. 1998. De vulgari eloquentia. Edited and translated by Giorgio Inglese. Milan: Bur.
- Baldassarri, Stefano U. 2015. “Bruni Dantista. II: L’epistola sulla origine di Mantova e le ‘Vite di Dante e del Petrarca.’ ” Italian Quarterly 52 (203–06):1–23.
- Bartuschat, Johannes. 2007. Les “Vies” de Dante, Pétrarque et Boccace en Italie (XIVe–XVe siècles): contribution à l’histoire du genre biographique. Ravenna: Longo.
- Boccaccio, Giovanni. 1998. Genealogie deorum gentilium. Edited by Vittorio Zaccaria. In Tutte le opere di Giovanni Boccaccio, vols. 7–8.1. Milan: Mondadori.
- Boccaccio, Giovanni. 1965. Trattatello in laude di Dante, and Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. Edited by Giorgio Padoan. In Tutte le opere di Giovanni Boccaccio, vol. 6. Milan: Mondadori.
- Bruni, Leonardo. 1994. Dialogi ad Petrum Paulum Histrum. Edited by Stefano U. Baldassarri. Florence: Olschki.
- Bruni, Leonardo. 1741. Epistolarum libri VIII. Edited by Laurentius Mehus. Florence: B. Paperinius.
- Bruni, Leonardo. 1928. Humanistisch-philosophische Schriften mit einer Chronologie seiner Werke und Briefe. Edited by Hans Baron. Leipzig: Teubner.
- Canetti, Luigi. 2005. “Boccaccio teologo. Poesia e verità alla fine del Medioevo.” Intersezioni 31 (2):179–95.
- Eraclito. 2005. Questioni omeriche: sulle allegorie di Omero in merito agli dèi. Edited and translated by Filippomaria Pontani. Pisa: Ets.
- Fiorentini, Luca. 2020. Petrarch and Boccaccio in the First Commentaries on Dante’s Commedia: A Literary Canon before Its Official Birth. Abingdon: Routledge. dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429324444.
- Frasso, Giuseppe. 2001. “Appunti sulla ‘difesa della poesia’ e sul rapporto ‘teologia-poesia’ da Dante a Boccaccio.” Verbum 1:1–17.
- Fubini, Riccardo. 2006. “Premesse trecentesche ai Dialogi ad Petrum Paulum Histrum di Leonardo Bruni.” Humanistica 1/2:13–21.
- Fubini, Riccardo. 2001. L’Umanesimo italiano e i suoi storici. Milan: FrancoAngeli.
- Fumagalli, Edoardo. 2013. “Giovanni Boccaccio tra Leonzio Pilato e Francesco Petrarca: appunti a proposito della prima translatio dell’Iliade.” Italia me¬dioevale e umanistica 54:213–83.
- Gilson, Étienne. 1964. “Poésie et vérité dans la Genealogia de Boccace.” Studi sul Boccaccio 2:253–82.
- Grafton, Anthony, and Lisa Jardine. 1986. From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe. London: Duckworth.
- Hankins, James. 1990. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill.
- Hollander, Robert. 1969. Allegory in Dante’s Commedia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Ianziti, Gary. 2012. Writing History in Renaissance Italy: Leonardo Bruni and the Uses of the Past. Harvard: Harvard University Press. dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674063266.
- Madrignani, Carlo Alberto. 1963. “Di alcune biografie umanistiche di Dante e Petrarca.” Belfagor 18:29–48.
- Mansi, Maria Luisa. 1969. “La Vita di Dante e del Petrarca di Leonardo Bruni.” Le parole e le idee 11 (3/4):248–64.
- Mazzotta, Giuseppe. 1979. Dante, Poet of the Desert: History and Allegory in the Divine Comedy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Pertusi, Agostino. 1964. Leonzio Pilato fra Petrarca e Boccaccio. Venice: Istituto per la Collaborazione culturale.
- Petrarca, Francesco. 2007. Le familiari. Edited by Vittorio Rossi and Umberto Bosco. Translated by Ugo Dotti. Vol. 2. Turin: Aragno.
- Plato, 1901. Phaedrus. In Platonis Opera, edited by John Burnet, vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Salutati, Coluccio. 1951. De laboribus Herculis. Edited by Berthold Louis Ullman. Zürich: Artemis.
- Schiaffini, Alfredo. 1973. “Poesia.” In Enciclopedia dantesca 4:563–67. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana.
- Singleton, Charles S. 1950. “Dante’s Allegory.” Speculum 25 (1):78–86. doi.org/10.2307/2850006.
- Trovato, Paolo. 1985. “Dai Dialogi ad Petrum Histrum alle Vite di Dante e del Petrarca: su Leonardo Bruni e la tradizione trecentesca.” Studi petrarche¬schi 2:263–84.
- Tulli, Mauro. 1987. “Il giudizio di Platone sull’esegesi allegorica.” Ricerche di Filologia classica 3:45–52.
- Valesio, Paolo. 1960. “Un termine della poetica antica: ποιέω. Analisi seman¬tica.” Quaderni dell’Istituto di Glottologia 5:97–111.
- Veyne, Paul. 1983. Les Grecs ont-ils cru à leurs mythes? Paris: Editions du Seuil. dx.doi.org/10.14375/NP.9782757841143.