Résumés
Abstract
Millions of children and youth live in forced displacement. We conducted a mixed-methods study among 729 primary students in Kakuma Refugee Camp to examine the roles of knowledge, experience (direct or indirect), language, and schooling in students’ sense of belonging to their home country and intention to return. We found sense of belonging is associated with knowledge of one’s country and its traditions, fluency in one’s home language, and schooling opportunities. However, these same factors are negatively associated with their intent to repatriate in the near future. The relationship between formal and informal learning appears to encourage a pragmatic sense of belonging to Kenya for the immediate future while any sense of belonging and hope for return to their home countries are projected onto an imagined future.
Keywords:
- belonging,
- pragmatics of belonging,
- home,
- refugee youth,
- Kakuma Refugee Camp
Résumé
Des millions d’enfants et de jeunes vivent en situation de déplacement forcé. Nous avons mené une étude mixte auprès de 729 élèves du primaire dans le camp de réfugiés de Kakuma afin d’examiner le rôle des connaissances, de l’expérience (directe ou indirecte), de la langue et de la scolarité dans le sentiment d’appartenance des élèves à leur pays d’origine et dans leur intention d’y retourner. Nous avons constaté que le sentiment d’appartenance est associé à la connaissance du pays et de ses traditions, à la maîtrise de la langue d’origine et aux perspectives de scolarisation. Toutefois, ces mêmes facteurs sont associés négativement à leur intention de retourner dans leur pays d’origine dans un avenir proche. La relation entre l’apprentissage formel et informel semble encourager un sentiment pragmatique d’appartenance au Kenya dans l’immédiat, tandis que tout sentiment d’appartenance et tout espoir de retour dans leur pays d’origine sont projetés dans un avenir imaginé.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Biographical notes
Jihae Cha is an Assistant Professor of International Education and International Affairs at the George Washington University’s Graduate School of Education and Human Development. She can be reached at jihae.cha@gwu.edu.
Daniel Shephard is a Lecturer in Comparative Education and Education Policy at the University of Edinburgh. He can be reached at d.shephard@ed.ac.uk.
Minkyung Choi is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Montclair State University’s College for Education and Engaged Learning. She can be reached at choimi@montclair.edu.
Ahrum Jeon is an Adjunct Professor at Boston College. She can be reached at ahrum.jeon@bc.edu.
Bibliography
- Al-Ali, N., & Koser, K. (2002). New approaches to migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of future. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203167144
- Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed.). Verso.
- Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging—An analytical framework. Geography Compass, 4(6), 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x
- Arvanitis, E., & Yelland, N. (2021). “Home means everything to me…”: A study of young Syrian refugees’ narratives constructing home in Greece. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(1), 535–554. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez030
- Bellino, M. J. (2018). Youth aspirations in Kakuma Refugee Camp: Education as a means for social, spatial, and economic (im)mobility. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(4), 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1512049
- Brown, J. (2011). Expressions of diasporic belonging: The divergent emotional geographies of Britain’s Polish communities. Emotion, Space and Society, 4(4), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2011.01.004
- Brun, C., & Fábos, A. (2015). Making homes in limbo? A conceptual framework. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 31(1), 5–17 . https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40138
- Buckner, E., Spencer, D., & Cha, J. (2018). Between policy and practice: The education of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex027
- Cha, J. (2020). Refugee students’ academic motivation in displacement: The case of Kakuma refugee camp. Journal on Education in Emergencies, 5(2),108-46. https://doi.org/10.33682/pe90-33g2
- Devictor, X., & Do, Q. T. (2017). How many years have refugees been in exile? Population and Development Review, 43(2), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12061
- Dewey, J. (1929). The quest for certainty. Minton, Balch.
- Dromgold-Sermen, M. S. (2022). Forced migrants and secure belonging: A case study of Syrian refugees resettled in the United States. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(3), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1854087
- Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017). Refugee education: Education for an unknowable future. Curriculum Inquiry, 47(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.2016.1255935
- Dryden-Peterson, S., Adelman, E., Bellino, M. J., & Chopra, V. (2019). The purposes of refugee education. Sociology of Education, 92(4), 346–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040719863054
- Fenster, T. (2005). The right to the gendered city: Different formations of belonging in everyday life. Journal of Gender Studies, 14(3), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230500264109
- Fincham, K. (2012). Learning the nation in exile: Constructing youth identities, belonging and “citizenship” in Palestinian refugee camps in South Lebanon. Comparative Education, 48(1), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2011.637767
- FitzGerald, D. S., & Arar, R. (2018). The sociology of refugee migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041204
- Geddes, A., & Favell, A. (1999). Introduction. In A. Geddes & A. Favell (Eds.), The politics of belonging: Migrants and minorities in contemporary Europe (pp. 10–14). Ashgate.
- hooks, b. (2009). Belonging: A culture of place. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888018
- Marlowe, J. (2018). Belonging and transnational refugee settlement: Unsettling the everyday and the extraordinary. Routledge. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268958
- Mason, V. (2007). Children of the “idea of Palestine”: Negotiating identity, belonging and home in the Palestinian diaspora. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 28(3), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860701429709
- Miletzki, J. L. (2014). Waiting for citizenship: Pragmatics of belonging of Burundian refugees in protracted exile. The case of Ulyankulu settlement, Tanzania [Doctoral Dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science]. LSE Theses Online. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/3151
- Morley, D. (2001). Belongings: Place, space and identity in a mediated world. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 4(4), 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940100400404
- Perez Murcia, L. E. (2019). Where the heart is and where it hurts: Conceptions of home for people fleeing conflict. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 38(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz00
- Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications.
- Schachter, A. (2016). From “different” to “similar”: An experimental approach to understanding assimilation. American Sociological Review, 81(5), 981–1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416659248
- Taylor, H. (2009). Narratives of loss, longing and daily life: The meaning of home for Cypriot refugees in London [Doctoral dissertation, University of East London]. UEL Research Repository. https://doi.org/10.15123/PUB.3928
- Taylor, H. (2013). Refugees, the state and the concept of home. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 32(2), 130–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt004
- Taylor, H. (2015). Refugees and the meaning of home: Cypriot narratives of loss, longing and daily life in London. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137553331
- UNHCR. (2019, September 30). Statistical summary: Refugees and asylum seekers in Kenya. https://www.unhcr.org/ke/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/Kenya-Statistics-Package-30-September-2019.pdf
- UNHCR. (2023, October 24). Refugee data finder. https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
- Wilkinson, J., & Lloyd-Zantiotis, A. (2017). The role of everyday spaces of learning for refugee youth. In R. M. Elmesky, C. Camp Yeakey, & O. Marcucci (Eds.), Advances in education in diverse communities, Vol. 12. The power of resistance (pp. 383–408). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-358X20140000012018
- Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220600769331