Résumés
Abstract
This study explored the resettlement experiences of Syrian refugees accessing supports and services for their autistic children in Alberta, Canada. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), in-depth interviews with three participants led to seven shared themes regarding parental experiences with the Syrian crisis, access to supports and services, barriers to resettlement, and sentiments regarding their resettlement. Findings are explained using migrant adaptation models to situate practice within a social justice orientation by understanding the perspectives of vulnerable migrant populations. Practical implications include ways to benefit refugees, imbue culture within practice, inform policy initiatives, and highlight the importance of trauma-informed care.
Keywords:
- Syrian crisis,
- autism,
- Syrian refugees,
- resettlement,
- forced migration
Résumé
Cette étude a exploré les expériences de réinstallation de réfugiés syriens accédant à du soutien et à des services pour leurs enfants autistes en Alberta, au Canada. En recourant à l'analyse phénoménologique interprétative (IPA), les entretiens approfondis avec trois participants ont permis de dégager sept thèmes communs concernant les expériences parentales liées à la crise syrienne, l'accès aux aides et aux services, les obstacles à la réinstallation et les sentiments à l'égard de leur réinstallation. Les résultats sont interprétés à partir de modèles d'adaptation des migrants qui permettent de situer la pratique dans une perspective de justice sociale en comprenant les points de vue des populations migrantes vulnérables. Les implications pratiques comprennent des façons de faire bénéficier les réfugiés, de mettre la culture au cœur de la pratique, de guider les initiatives politiques et de souligner l'importance des soins tenant compte des traumatismes.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Biographical notes
Abdullah Bernier is a Doctoral Student in the Werklund School of Education, at the University of Calgary. He can be reached at abdullah.bernier@ucalgary.ca.
Adam McCrimmon is an Associate Professor in the Werklund School of Education, at the University of Calgary. He can be reached at awmccrim@ucalgary.ca.
Sumaya Nsair is a Doctoral Student in the Schulich School of Engineering, at the University of Calgary and language liaison for the Syrian Refugee project. She can be reached at sumaya.nsair1@ucalgary.ca.
Henna Hans is a graduate student at the University of Lethbridge. She can be reached at hans@uleth.ca.
Bibliography
- Abid, G. (2020, October). Literature review on best practices in government-funded services supporting the resettlement and integration of government-assisted refugees. Centre for the Study of Living Standards. http://www.csls.ca/reports/csls2020-09.pdf
- Agrawal, S. K. (2019). Canadian refugee sponsorship programs: Experience of Syrian refugees in Alberta, Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(4), 941–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0640-7
- Alon, R. (2019). Social support and post-crisis growth among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and mothers of children with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 90, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2019.04.010
- American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176.appi.books.9780890425787
- Amin, M. E., Nørgaard, L. S., Cavaco, A. M., Witry, M. J., Hillman, L., Cernasev, A., & Desselle, S. P. (2020). Establishing trustworthiness and authenticity in qualitative pharmacy research. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 16(10), 1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.005
- Attum, B., Hafiz, S., Malik, A., & Shamoon, Z. (2021). Cultural competence in the care of Muslim patients and their families. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499933/
- Autism Alliance of Canada. (2021, May 13). Policy compendium (2021): Social inclusion, diagnosis, supports, and services & economic inclusion. https://www.autismalliance.ca/policy-compendium/
- Autism Mental Health Literacy Project Group. (2021). Mental health literacy guide for autism. York University. https://www.yorku.ca/health/lab/ddmh/am-help/
- Banach, M., & Couse, L. J. (2012). Interdisciplinary co-facilitation of support groups for parents of children with autism: An opportunity for professional preparation. Social Work with Groups, 35(4), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609513.2012.671103
- Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
- Bhayana, A., & Bhayana, B. (2018). Approach to developmental disabilities in newcomer families. Canadian Family Physician, 64(8), 567–573. https://www.cfp.ca/content/64/8/567
- Broady, T. R., Stoyles, G. J., & Morse, C. (2017). Understanding carers’ lived experience of stigma: The voice of families with a child on the autism spectrum. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(1), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12297
- Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature–nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.568
- Brosinsky, L., Georgis, R., Gokiert, R., Mejia, T., & Kirova, A. (2018). RAISED between cultures: New resources for working with children of immigrant or refugee background. Childhood Education, 94(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2018.1451686
- Canadian Autism Spectrum Disorder Alliance. (2020, June). Language guide. https://www.casda.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CASDA-Language-Guide-7.pdf
- Çeri, V., Nasıroğlu, S., Ceri, M., & Çetin, F. Ç. (2018). Psychiatric morbidity among a school sample of Syrian refugee children in Turkey: A cross-sectional, semi-structured, standardized interview-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 696–698.E2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.019
- Chiumento, A., Rahman, A., Machin, L., & Frith, L. (2018). Mediated research encounters: Methodological considerations in cross-language qualitative interviews. Qualitative Research, 18(6), 604–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117730121
- CMAS. (2015). Caring for Syrian refugee children: A program guide for welcoming young children and their families. https://cmascanada.ca/2015/12/12/caring-for-syrian-refugee-children-a-program-guide-for-welcoming-young-children-and-their-families/
- Cormier, G. (2018). The language variable in educational research: An exploration of researcher positionality, translation, and interpretation. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 41(3), 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2017.1307335
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Croot, E. J., Lees, J., & Grant, G. (2011). Evaluating standards in cross-language research: A critique of Squires’ criteria. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(8), 1002–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.04.007
- Dababnah, S., Habayeb, S., Bear, B. J., & Hussein, D. (2019). Feasibility of a trauma-informed parent–teacher cooperative training program for Syrian refugee children with autism. Autism, 23(5), 1300–1310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318805368
- Dahlberg, K. (2006). The essence of essences—The search for meaning structures in phenomenological analysis of lifeworld phenomena. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 1(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620500478405
- Fossey, E., Harvey, C., McDermott, F., & Davidson, L. (2002). Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(6), 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01100.x
- Georgis, R., Brosinsky, L., Mejia, T., Kirova, A., Gokiert, R., & Knowledge Exchange Advisory. (2017). RAISED Between Cultures: A knowledge and reflection guidebook for intercultural practice in the early years. Community-University Partnership, University of Alberta. https://www.ualberta.ca/community-university-partnership/media-library/community-university-partnership/resources/publications/finalraised-guidebook-08single-pages-2.pdf
- Ghahari, S., Lui, J., Nagra, S., & Morassaei, S. (2020). The life experiences of refugees in Canada: A comprehensive scoping review to identify unmet needs and barriers. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 21(4), 1249–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00727-3
- Gruner, D., Magwood, O., Bair, L., Duff, L., Adel, S., & Pottie, K. (2020). Understanding supporting and hindering factors in community-based psychotherapy for refugees: A realist-informed systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4618), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134618
- Hassan, A. (2019). The Syrian mental health crisis: Present findings and future directions. Harvard Public Health Review, 21, 1–5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48515225
- Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000044
- Hedar, M. (2017). Mental health during the Syrian crisis: How Syrians are dealing with the psychological effects. International Review of the Red Cross, 99(3), 927–935. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1816383119000080
- Howlin, P., & Moss, P. (2012). Adults with autism spectrum disorders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(5), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700502
- Jabri, S. (2015). The children with autism spectrum disorders in Syrian crisis: Challenges and recommendations. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(4), 676–677. https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000285
- Karim, S., & Islam, M. N. (2016). Syrian crisis: Geopolitics and implications. BIISS Journal, 37(2), 107–132. https://biiss.org/publication-view/1350356258732904448
- Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20(4), 442–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315588200
- Kirmayer, L. J., & Jarvis, G. E. (2019). Culturally responsive services as a path to equity in mental healthcare. HealthcarePapers, 18(2), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpap.2019.25925
- Maenner, M. J., Warren, Z., Williams, A. R., Amoakohene, E., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Furnier, S. M., Hughes, M. M., Ladd-Acosta, C. M., McArthur, D., Pas, E. T., Salinas, A., Vehorn, A., Williams, S., Esler, A., Grzybowski, A., Hall-Lande, J., Nguyen, R. H. N., … Shaw, K. A. (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 70(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1
- McGaha, K. K., & D’Urso, P. A. (2019). A non-traditional validation tool: Using cultural domain analysis for interpretive phenomenology. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(6), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2019.1621474
- Minhas, R. S., Graham, H., Jegathesan, T., Huber, J., Young, E., & Barozzino, T. (2017). Supporting the developmental health of refugee children and youth. Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(2), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx003
- Moore, J. A., Scharf, R. J., Malik, F., & Nyp, S. S. (2020). Beyond developmental supports for a child refugee. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 41(6), 496–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000814
- Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118183
- Oudshoorn, A., Benbow, S., & Meyer, M. (2020). Resettlement of Syrian refugees in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 21(3), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00695-8
- Papoudi, D., Jørgensen, C. R., Guldberg, K., & Meadan, H. (2020). Perceptions, experiences, and needs of parents of culturally and linguistically diverse children with autism: A scoping review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-020-00210-1
- Raslan, N., Hamlet, A., & Kumari, V. (2021). Mental health and psychosocial support in conflict: Children’s protection concerns and intervention outcomes in Syria. Conflict and Health, 15(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-021-00350-z
- Ritchie, K., & Sinacore, A. L. (2020). Message from the guest editors. Psynopsis: Human Rights and Social Justice, 42(4), 4–5. https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Psynopsis/2020-Vol42-4/index.html#p=1
- Roberts, P., & Priest, H. (2006). Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard, 20(44), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2006.07.20.44.41.c6560
- Ryan, D., Dooley, B., & Benson, C. (2008). Theoretical perspectives on post-migration adaptation and psychological well-being among refugees: Towards a resource-based model. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem047
- Slobodin, O., Ghane, S., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2018). Developing a culturally sensitive mental health intervention for asylum seekers in the Netherlands: A pilot study. Intervention, 16(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.4103/intv.intv_2_18
- Smith, B. (2018). Generalizability in qualitative research: Misunderstandings, opportunities and recommendations for the sport and exercise sciences. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2017.1393221
- Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.510659
- Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. Sage Publications.
- Song, S. Y., Miranda, A. H., Radliff, K. M., & Shriberg, D. (2019). School psychology in a global society: Roles and functions. National Association of School Psychologists Publications.
- Squires, A. (2009). Methodological challenges in cross-language qualitative research: A research review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.006
- Squires, A., Sadarangani, T., & Jones, S. (2020). Strategies for overcoming language barriers in research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(2), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14007
- Tuck, A., Oda, A., Hynie, M., Bennett-AbuAyyash, C., Roche, B., Agic, B., & McKenzie, K. (2019). Unmet health care needs for Syrian refugees in Canada: A follow-up study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(6), 1306–1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-019-00856-y
- Tufford, L., & Newman, P. (2010). Bracketing in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Work, 11(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010368316
- UNHCR. (2015). Culture, context, and the mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/health/55f6b90f9/culture-context-mental-health-psychosocial-wellbeing-syrians-review-mental.html
- Yardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychology & Health, 15(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400302
- Yohani, S., Brosinsky, L., & Kirova, A. (2019). Syrian refugee families with young children: An examination of strengths and challenges during early resettlement. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 14(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.20355/jcie29356