Résumés
Abstract
The idea that “refugees are resources” has been promoted as countering the dehumanization that frames refugees as burdens or security threats. But is framing people as resources truly humanizing? Resource theorists have highlighted how modern Western conceptions of what resources are depends on a distinction between the human and the non-human. This logic is similar to, and originates in the same epoch as, hierarchies of humanity. State appraisal and management of human and mobility continue to be shaped by race and perceptions of productive value in terms, just as the value of resources varies, and has always been social and political. This intervention highlights the perspective of a Burundian refugee in Tanzania who traces continuities between experiences and being called a resource—in that a resource can be sold or traded across borders with no input into its future. Refugees can and do meaningfully contribute to the communities and countries in which they live, but the “resources” lens curtails a truly humanizing perspective on refugees’ lives.
Keywords:
- dehumanization,
- animalization,
- refugees-as-resources,
- discourse analysis,
- race
Résumé
L’idée selon laquelle les réfugiés constituent des ressources» a été prônée afin de contrer le cadrage déshumanisant des réfugiés comme des fardeaux ou comme une menace sécuritaire. Mais le cadrage des personnes comme ressources n’est-il pas réellement Les théoriciens des ressources ont souligné que les conceptions modernes occidentales de ce que constituent des ressources repose sur la distinction entre l’humain et le non-humain. Cette logique est similaire à la hiérarchisation racialisée de l’humanité et trouve son origine à la même époque. L’évaluation et la gestion du travail humain et de la mobilité par l’État continuent d’être façonnées par la race» et par la perception de la valeur productive en termes économiques, tout comme la valeur accordée aux ressources varie et a toujours été sociale et politique. Cette intervention met en lumière la perspective d’un réfugié burundais en Tanzanie qui retrace la continuité entre des expériences d’animalisation et le fait d’être traité comme une ressource - en ce qu’une ressource peut être vendue ou échangée sans être consultée sur son avenir. Il est vrai que les réfugiés contribuent de manière significative aux communautés et aux pays où ils vivent, mais le prisme des ressources» pose des limites à une perspective réellement sur la vie des réfugiés.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Skoll.org. (2016). Alexander Betts: “Refugees as a resource”. Skoll World Forum 2016 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tiYqc_B3c4&list= PLHao2fgbzdxL8PmhIxaqmInOdqMhc41hn&index=9
- Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee system. Penguin Random House.
- Brankamp, H. (2021). Camp abolition: Ending carceral humanitarianism. Antipode. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12762
- Brankamp, H., & Daley, P. (2020). Laborers, migrants, refugees. Migration and Society, 3(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030110
- Bridge, G. (2009). Resources. In D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. J. Watts, & S. Whatmore (Eds.), Dictionary of human geography (5th ed., pp. 648–649). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Crawley, H. (2017). Migration: Refugee economics [Review of the book Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee system, by A. Betts & P. Collier]. Nature, 544, 26–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/544026a
- Daley, P. (1989). Refugees and underdevelopment in Africa: The case of Barundi refugees in Tanzania [Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford]. Oxford University Research Archive. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:61d14ce2-4a9c-4a13-9a56-6360094cf502
- Daley, P. (2007). Gender & genocide in Burundi: The search for spaces of peace in the Great Lakes Region. James Currey.
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2020). Introduction: Refuge in a moving world: Refugee and migrant journeys across disciplines. In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh (Ed.), Refuge in a moving world: Tracing refugee and migrant journeys across disciplines (pp. 1–19). UCL Press.
- Gilmore, R. W. (2017). Abolition geography and the problem of innocence. In G. T. Johnson & A. Lubin (Eds.), Futures of Black radicalism (pp. 225–240). Verso.
- Harrell-Bond, B. (1995). Refugees and the international system: The evolution of solutions. Oxford Refugee Studies Centre. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/rr-refugees-international-system-1995.pdf
- Harrell-Bond, B. (2002). Can humanitarian work with refugees be humane? Human Rights Quarterly, 24, 51–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20069589
- Haslam, N., Loughnan, S., & Sun, P. (2011). Beastly: What makes animal metaphors offensive? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30(3), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x11407168
- Hyndman, J. (2000). Managing displacement: Refugees and the politics of humanitarianism. University of Minnesota Press.
- Hyndman, J., & Reynolds, J. (2020). Beyond the global compacts: Re-imagining protection. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 36(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40768
- Johnston, R. (2009). Race. In D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts, & S. Whatmore (Eds.), Dictionary of human geography (5th ed., pp. 615–617). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Kyriakides, C., Taha, D., Charles, C. H., & Torres, R. D. (2019). Introduction: The racialized refugee regime. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 35(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060670ar
- Masabo, J., Kweka, O., Boeynik, C., & Falisse, J.-B. (2018). Socio-economic assessment in the refugees camps and hosting districts of Kigoma region. UNHCR. https://reliefweb.int/report/united-republic-tanzania/socio-economic-assessment-refugee-camps-and-hosting-districts-kigoma
- Morris, J. C. (2019). Violence and extraction of a human commodity: From phosphate to refugees in the Republic of Nauru. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(4), 1122–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.07.001
- Mullings, B. (2017). Race, work, and employment. In International encyclopedia of geography (pp. 1–13). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0660
- Ramsay, G. (2020). Humanitarian exploits: Ordinary displacement and the political economy of the global refugee regime. Critique of Anthropology, 40(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X19840417
- Schmitt, G. (2017). Avoiding a lost generation of refugees through jobs and education [Press release]. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/press/2017/05/avoiding-a-lost-generation-of-refugees-through-jobs-and-education/
- Taasisi ya Uchinguzi wa Kiswahili. (2000). Kamusi ya Kiswahili–Kiingereza (Swahili–English Dictionary). University of Dar es Salaam.
- Turner, L. (2019). “#Refugees can be entrepreneurs too!” Humanitarianism, race, and the marketing of Syrian refugees. Review of International Studies, 46(1), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210519000342
- Turner, S. (2004). Under the gaze of the “big nations”: Refugees, rumours and the international community in Tanzania. African Affairs, 103(411), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adh006
- Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015). “We are not animals!” Humanitarian border security and zoopolitical spaces in Europe. Political Geography, 45, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.009
- Whitaker, B. E. (1999). Changing opportunities: Refugees and host communities in western Tanzania (New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 11). UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6a0c70.pdf
- Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation—An argument. The New Centennial Review, 3(3), 257–335. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015
- Zamore, L. (2018). Refugees, development, debt, austerity: A selected history. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 6(1), 26–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/233150241800600102