Résumés
Résumé
Les troubles anxieux chez les enfants sont en croissance depuis plusieurs années et sont considérés comme les troubles de santé mentale les plus fréquents chez les jeunes. Ils affectent négativement de multiples aspects de leur vie, tels que le sommeil ou l’attention. Cette étude pilote s’est intéressée aux changements observés chez les élèves du 2e et du 3e cycle du primaire lors de l’implantation d’un nouveau programme, le programme HORS-PISTE préscolaire-primaire, dans le cadre d’une première année d’implantation. L’objectif de cette étude pilote était, à l’aide d’un devis de recherche pré-expérimental, d’examiner l’évolution du niveau d’anxiété et des compétences socioémotionnelles (résolution de problèmes, régulation émotionnelle, relations interpersonnelles) des élèves de la 3e à la 6e année du primaire ayant participé au programme HORS-PISTE en plus d’examiner si l’évolution dans le temps était modérée par le niveau d’anxiété initial rapporté par les élèves. Au total, 950 élèves, âgés de 8 à 12 ans, ont participé à cette étude. Ces élèves provenaient de 12 écoles primaires du Québec. Des données sur l’anxiété et les compétences socioémotionnelles ont été colligées à deux moments, soit une fois avant la participation des élèves au programme HORS-PISTE (T1), puis après leur participation au programme (T2). Les résultats indiquent une diminution du trait d’anxiété chez les jeunes qui présentaient initialement un niveau d’anxiété plus élevé ainsi qu’une évolution positive de la régulation émotionnelle pour l’ensemble de l’échantillon entre le T1 et le T2. Cette première étude évaluative montre que le programme HORS-PISTE peut représenter une piste intéressante pour la prévention de l’anxiété en milieu scolaire primaire.
Mots-clés :
- anxiété,
- prévention,
- évaluation de programme,
- programme HORS-PISTE,
- primaire
Abstract
Anxiety disorders in children have been on the rise for several years and are considered to be the most common mental health disorders in young people. They negatively affect multiple aspects of their lives, such as sleep and attention. This pilot study looked at the changes observed in 2nd and 3rd cycle elementary school students when a new program, the HORS-PISTE preschool-elementary program, was implemented in the first year. Using a pre-experimental research design, the aim of this pilot study was to examine changes in the anxiety levels and social-emotional skills (problem-solving, emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships) of elementary school students in grades 3 to 6 who had participated in the HORS-PISTE program, and to examine whether changes over time were moderated by the initial anxiety levels reported by the students. A total of 950 students, aged 8 to 12, took part in the study. These pupils came from 12 elementary school in Quebec. Data on anxiety and socio-emotional skills were collected at two time points, once before the students’ participation in the HORS-PISTE program (T1), and a second time after their participation in the program (T2). The results show a reduction in the anxiety trait in young people who initially had a higher level of anxiety, as well as a positive evolution in emotional regulation for the whole sample between T1 and T2. This first evaluative study shows that the HORS-PISTE program may represent an interesting avenue for anxiety prevention in elementary schools.
Keywords:
- anxiety,
- prevention,
- program evaluation,
- HORS-PISTE program,
- elementary school
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Ahlen, J. et Ghaderi, A. (2020). Dimension-specific symptom patterns in trajectories of broad anxiety: A longitudinal prospective study in school-aged children. Development and Psychopathology, 32(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001384
- American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR. American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
- Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders, 22, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.004
- Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2e éd.). Guilford Press.
- Barrett, P. M. et Turner, C. M. (2001). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: Preliminary results from a universal school-based trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466501163887
- Bedel, A. (2015). The relation between interpersonal problem solving, positive-negative affect and anxiety. Studia Psychologica, 57(2), 121-133.
- Bienvenu, O.J. et Gisburg, G.S. (2007). Prevention of anxiety disorders. International Review of Phychiatry, 19(6), 647-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797837
- Bourne, E. J. (2011). Manuel du phobique et de l’anxieux. Eyrolles.
- Blewitt, C., Morris, H., O’Connor, A., Ifanti, A., Greenwood, D. et Skouteris, H. (2021). Social and emotional learning in early childhood education and care: A public health perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 45(1), 17 19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13058
- Brumariu, L. E., Obsuth, I. et Lyons-Ruth, K. (2013). Quality of attachment relationships and peer relationship dysfunction among late adolescents with and without anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.09.002
- Centre RBC d’expertise universitaire en santé mentale. (2020). HORS-PISTE. https://sante-mentale-jeunesse.usherbrooke.ca/hors-piste/
- Clarke, A., Sorgenfrei, M., Mulcahy, J., Davie, P., Friedrich, C. et McBride, T. (2021). Adolescent mental health : A systematic review on the effectiveness of school-based interventions. [rapport de recherche]. https://www.eif.org.uk/report/adolescent-mental-health-a-systematic-review-on-the-effectiveness-of-school-based-interventions
- Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge Academic.
- Corrieri, S., Heider, D., Conrad, I., Blume, A., Konig, H.-H. et Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014). School-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety in adolescence : A systematic review. Health Promotion International, 29(3), 427 441. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat001
- Costello, E. J., Egger, H. L. et Angold, A. (2005). The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders : Phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14(4), 631 648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2005.06.003
- Creswell, J. W. et Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Desiging and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3e éd.). SAGE.
- Denis, H. et Baghdadli, A. (2017). Les troubles anxieux de l’enfant et l’adolescent. Archives de pédiatrie, 24(1), 87 90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2016.10.006
- Ducasse, D. et Denis, H. (2015). Peurs nocturnes pathologiques de l’enfant : Particularités cliniques et thérapeutiques efficaces. L’Encéphale, 41(4), 323 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2014.10.022
- Dumas, J. E. (2013). Psychopathologie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent (4e éd.). De Boeck.
- Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D. et Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing student’s social and emotional learning : A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions: Social and emotional learning. Child Development, 82(1), 405 432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
- Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., Bierman, K. L. et Tu, K. M. (2010). Friendships moderate psychosocial maladjustment in socially anxious early adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2009.05.005
- Essau, C.A., Conradt J., Sadagawa, S. et Ollendick, T.H. (2012). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in children: Results from a universal school-based trial. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 450-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.003
- Esparbès-Pistre, S., Bergonnier-Dupuy, G. et Cazenave-Tapie, P. (2016). Le stress scolaire au collège et au lycée : différences entre filles et garçons. Éducation et francophonie, 43(2). 87 112. https://doi.org/10.7202/1034487ar
- Etkin, R.G., Marin, C.E., Silverman, W.K. et Lebowits, E.L. (2022). Youth social functioning interacts with treatment arm, diagnosis, and gender to predict anxiety treatment outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 156, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104160
- Flament, M. F., Daoust, J.-P., Churchill, A. M. et Hudek, N. (2014). Troubles anxieux chez l’enfant et aspects liés au développement. Dans, J-P. Boulenger et J-P Lépine (dir.), Les troubles anxieux (p. 290 308). Lavoisier.
- Fortin, M.-F. et Gagnon, J. (2016). Fondements et étapes du processus de recherche (3e éd.). Chenelière Éducation.
- Gaspar, T., Cerquiera, A., Branquinho, C. et Gaspar de Matos, M. (2018a). Dimension of social and personal skills in children and adolescents: Age and gender differences. International Journal of Development Research, 8(1), 18394 18400.
- Gaspar, T., Cerquiera, A., Branquinho, C. et Gaspar de Matos, M. (2018b). The effect of a social-emotional school-based intervention upon social and personal skills. Children and Adolescents. 7(6), 57 66. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n6p57
- Gladstone, T. R. G., Beardslee, W. R. et O’Connor, E. E. (2011). The prevention of adolescent depression. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(1), 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.11.015
- Gouvernement du Canada. (2020). À propos de la santé mentale. https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-publique/services/sante-mentale.html
- Gouvernement du Québec. (2022). Le plan d’action interministériel en santé mentale 2022-2026 - S’unir pour un mieux-être collectif. Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux. https://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/msss/fichiers/2021/21-914-14W.pdf
- Greenberg, M.T., Domitrovich, C. et Bumbarger, B. (2000). Preventing mental disorders in school-age children: A review of the effectiveness of prevention programs. Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development.
- Gregor, A. (2005). Examination anxiety: Live with it, control it or make it work for you? School Psychology International, 26(5), 617 – 635. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0143034305060802
- Gresham, F. M., Cook, C. R., Crews, S. D. et Kern, L. (2004). Social skills training for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: Validity considerations and future directions. Behavioral Disorders, 30(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874290403000101
- Gueldner, B. A., Feuerborn, L. L., Merrell, K. W. et Weissberg, R. P. (2020). Social and Emotional Learning in the Classroom, Second Edition: Promoting Mental Health and Academic Success. Guilford Publications.
- Hellemans, C. (2004). Stress, anxiété et processus d’ajustement face à un examen de statistique à venir. L’orientation scolaire et professionnelle, 33(1), 141 170. https://doi.org/10.4000/osp.2253
- Houle, A.-A. (2017). Recension des programmes de prévention en matière d’anxiété et de stress chez les enfants et les adolescents. https://sante-mentale-jeunesse.usherbrooke.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Recension-programmes-prevention-stress-et-anxiete-31-janvier-2018.pdf
- Houle, A-A. et Saint-Pierre Mousset, E. (2022). Parler d’anxiété sans stress: Rapport synthèse d’évaluation 2021-2022. Centre RBC d’expertise universitaire en santé mentale de l’Université de Sherbrooke. https://sante-mentale-jeunesse.usherbrooke.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/eval_globale_HP_Explo_Expe%CC%81_2021-2022_05-1.pdf
- Institut Douglas. (2014). Enfants et santé mentale. http://www.douglas.qc.ca/info/enfants-sante-mentale
- IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp.
- Institut de la Statistique du Québec. (2018). Enquête québécoise sur la santé des jeunes du secondaire 2016-2017. Résultats de la deuxième édition. Gouvernement du Québec. https://statistique.quebec.ca/fr/fichier/enquete-quebecoise-sur-la-sante-des-jeunes-du-secondaire-2016-2017-resultats-de-la-deuxieme-edition-tome-2-ladaptation-sociale-et-la-sante-mentale-des-jeunes.pdf
- Jones-Schenk, J. (2019). Social and emotional learning : Why does it matter? The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 50(2), 57 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20190115-03
- Kashdan, ToddB. et Collins, R. L. (2010). Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment approach. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(3), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802641950
- Lambert-Samson, V. et Beaumont, C. (2017). L’anxiété des élèves en milieu scolaire telle que perçue par des enseignants du primaire. Enfance en difficulté, 5, 101 129. https://doi.org/10.7202/1043356ar
- Langley, A. K., Bergman, R. L., McCracken, J. et Piacentini, J. C. (2004). Impairment in childhood anxiety disorders: Preliminary examination of the Child Anxiety Impact Scale-Parent Version. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/104454604773840544
- Lau, E. X. et Rapee, R. M. (2011). Prevention of anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(4), 258 266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0199-x
- Leclaire, S. et Lupien, S. (2018). Le stress et ses enjeux dans le milieu scolaire. Dans N. Rousseau et G. Espinosa (dir.), Le bien-être à l’école : Enjeux et stratégies gagnantes (p. 221-240). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Lewis, K. M., DuBois, D. L., Bavarian, N., Acock, A., Silverthorn, N., Day, J., Ji, P., Vuchinich, S. et Flay, B. R. (2013). Effects of positive action on the emotional health of urban youth : A cluster-randomized trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 706 711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.012
- Lupien, S. J., Ouellet-Morin, I., Trépanier, L., Juster, R. P., Marin, M. F., Francois, N., Sindi, S., Wan, N., Findlay, H., Durand, N., Cooper, L., Schramek, T., Andrews, J., Corbo, V., Dedovic, K., Lai, B. et Plusquellec, P. (2013). The DeStress for depressive symptomatology in adolescents making the transition to high school. Neuroscience, 249, 74 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.057
- Lussier, F., Chevrier, E. et Gascon, L. (2017). Neuropsychologie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent : Troubles développementaux et de l’apprentissage (3e éd.). DUNOD.
- Maggin, D. M. et Johnson, A. H. (2014). A meta-analytic evaluation of the FRIENDS program for preventing anxiety in student populations. Education & Treatment of Children (West Virginia University Press), 37(2), 277–306. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0018
- Mahoney, J. L., Durlak, J. A. et Weissberg, R. P. (2018b). An update on social and emotional learning outcome research. Phi Delta Kappan, 100(4), 18 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721718815668
- Mathews, B.L., Koehn, A.J., Movahed Abtahi, M. et Kerns, K.A. (2016). Emotional competence and anxiety in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 162-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0204-3
- Mrazek, P. J. et Haggerty, R. J. (dir.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. National Academies Press (US). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236319/
- McDonald, A.S. (2001). The prevalence and effects of test anxiety in school children. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410020019867
- McLeod, C. et Boyes, M. (2021). The effectiveness of social-emotional learning strategies and mindful breathing with biofeedback on the reduction of adolescent test anxiety. Canadian Journal of Education, 44(3), 815-847. https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.v44i3.4869
- Merikangas, K. R., Nakamura, E. F. et Kessler, R. C. (2009). Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11(1), 7 20. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/krmerikangas
- Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology (4e éd.). SAGE.
- Miller, L. D., Short, C., Garland, E. J. et Clark, S. (2010). The ABCs of CBT (cognitive behavior therapy): Evidence-based approaches to child anxiety in public school settings. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(4), 432 439. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00043.x
- Mychailyszyn, M. P. (2017). “Cool” youth: A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis of data from the Cool Kids family of intervention programs. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000101
- Nordstrum, L.E., LeMahieu, P.G. et Berrena, E. (2017). Implementation science: Understanding and finding solutions to variation in program implementation. Quality Assurance in Education, 25(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-12-2016-0080
- O’Neil, K. A., Puleo, C. M., Benjamin, C. L., Podell, J. L. et Kendall, P. C. (2012). Suicidal ideation in anxiety-disorder youth. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(3), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00091.x
- Organisation mondiale de la santé. (2004). Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options: Summary Reports.
- Parkinson, M. et Creswell, C. (2011). Worry and problem-solving skills and beliefs in primary school children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466510X523887
- Phillips, S. P. et Yu, J. (2021). Is anxiety/depression increasing among 5-25 year-olds? A cross-sectional prevalence study in Ontario, Canada, 1997-2017. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.178
- Piché, G., Cournoyer, M., Bergeron, L., Clement, M.-E. et Smolla, N. (2017). Épidémiologie des troubles dépressifs et anxieux chez les enfants et les adolescents québécois. Santé Mentale au Québec, 42(1), 19 42. https://doi.org/10.7202/1040242ar
- Plante, I., Lecours, V., Lapointe, R., Chaffee, K. E. et Fréchette-Simard, C. (2022). Relations between prior school performance and later test anxiety during the transition to secondary school. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 1068–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12488
- Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A. et Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
- Ramsawh H. J., Chavira, D. A. et Stein, M. B. (2010). Burden of anxiety disorders in pediatric medical settings: Prevalence, phenomenology, and a research agenda. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(10), 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.170
- Rapee, R.M.; Lyneham, H.J.; Schniering, C.A.; Wuthrich, V.; Abbott, M.A.; Hudson, J.L. et Wignall, A. (2006). Cool Kids: Child & Adolescent Anxiety Program. Centre for Emotional Health.
- Rooney, R. M, Morrison, D., Hassan, S., Kane, R., Roberts, C. et Mancini, V. (2013). Prevention of internalizing disorders in 9–10 year old children: Efficacy of the Aussie Optimism Positive Thinking Skills Program at 30-month follow-up. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(988), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00988
- Roy-Byrne, P. P., Davidson, K. W., Kessler, R. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., Goodwin, R. D., Kubzansky, L., Lydiard, R. B., Massie, M. J., Katon, W., Laden, S. K. et Stein, M. B. (2008). Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(3), 208–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.006
- Sapiro, B. et Quiroz, S. R. (2022). Authenticity, vulnerability, and shame in peer relationships among marginalized youth living with mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 31(11), 3192–3208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02358-2
- Scaini, S., Rossi, F., Rapee, R. M., Bonomi, F., Ruggiero, G. M. et Incerti, A. (2022). The cool kids as a school-based universal prevention and early intervention program for anxiety: Results of a pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,19(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020941
- Scharfstein, L.A. et Beidel, D.C. (2015). Social skills ans social acceptance in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Chlid & Adolescent Psychology, 44(5), 826-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.895938
- Servant, D. (2012). Gestion du stress et de l’anxiété (3e édition). Elsevier Masson.
- Sklad, M., Diekstra, R., Ritter, M. D., Ben, J. et Gravesteijn, C. (2012). Effectiveness of school-based universal social, emotional, and behavioral programs : Do they enhance students’ development in the area of skill, behavior, and adjustment? Psychology in the Schools, 49(9), 892 909. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21641
- Spielberger, C.D. (1973). Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Siu, A.M.H. et Shek, D.L.T. (2010). Social problem solving as a predictor of well-being in adolescents and young adults. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9527-5
- Taylor, R. D., Oberle, E., Durlak, J. A. et Weissberg, R. P. (2017). Promoting positive youth development through school-based social and emotional learning interventions: A meta-analysis of follow-up effects. Child Development, 88(4), 1156 1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12864
- Therriault, D., Houle, A.-A. et Lane, J. (2020). Parler d’anxiété sans stress: Rapport synthèse d’évaluation 2019-2020. Centre RBC d’expertise universitaire en santé mentale de l’Université de Sherbrooke. https://sante-mentale-jeunesse.usherbrooke.ca/wp-content/uploa ds/2020/06/Rapport_evaluation_HP_20 19-2020.pdf
- Therriault, D., et Houle, A.-A. et Lane, J. (2021). Parler d’anxiété sans stress: Rapport synthèse d’évaluation 2020-2021. Centre RBC d’expertise universitaire en santé mentale de l’Université de Sherbrooke. https://sante-mentale-jeunesse.usherbrooke.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/eval_globale_HP_explo_2020-2021_VF.pdf
- Therriault, D., Lane, J., Houle, A. A., Dupuis, A., Gosselin, P., Thibault, I., Dionne, P., Morin, P. et Dufour, M. (2022). Effects of the HORS-PISTE universal anxiety prevention program measured according to initial level of student problems. Psychology in the Schools, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22836
- Turgeon, L. et Chartrand, É. (2003). Psychometric properties of the french canadian version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(1), 174 185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402239324
- Turgeon, L. et Gosselin, M.-J. (2016). Les programmes préventifs en milieu scolaire auprès des enfants et des adolescents présentant de l’anxiété. Éducation et francophonie, 43(2), 30 49. https://doi.org/10.7202/1034484ar
- Viau, R. (1995). L’état des recherches sur l’anxiété en contexte scolaire. Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation, 2(2), 375-398. https://doi.org/10.7202/1018209ar
- Von der Embse, N., Barterian, J. et Segool, N. (2013). Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review of treatment studies from 2000-2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57-71. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/pits.21660
- Ware, N. C., Hopper, K., Tugenberg, T., Dickey, B. et Fisher, D. (2007). Connectedness and citizenship: Redefining social integration. Psychiatric Services, 58(4), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.469
- Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Domitrovich, C. E. et Gullotta, T. P. (2015). Social and emotional learning past, present, and Future. Dans J.A Durlak et al. (dir.), Handbook of Social and Emotional Learning : Research and Practice (p. 3-19). Guilford Publications.
- Werner-Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H. et Newby, J. M. (2021). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 89, 102079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079
- Whalen, D. J., Sylvester, C. M. et Luby, J. L. (2017). Depression and anxiety in preschoolers. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26(3), 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.006
- Wigelsworth, M., Verity, L., Mason, C., Qualter, P. et Humphrey, N. (2021). Social and emotional learning in primary schools: A review of the current state of evidence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 898-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12480
- World Health Organization. (2004). The world health report. 2004: Changing history. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42891/924156265X.pdf
- World Health Organization. (2004). Prevention of mental disorders: Effective interventions and policy options: Summary reports. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf