Résumés
Résumé
Parmi les risques routiers professionnels, le téléphone au volant est un facteur multipliant les risques d’accident. Si l’on sait que le bluetooth est aujourd’hui le seul équipement toléré sur le plan légal, on n’a par contre aucune information sur les habitudes d’utilisation du téléphone au volant chez les commerciaux. Cette enquête menée auprès d’un groupe de commerciaux français hommes et femmes (N = 59) a pour objectif de clarifier leurs habitudes de conduite et les risques pouvant en découler. Sur l’ensemble de l’échantillon, les résultats de cette étude apportent des informations nouvelles sur les risques routiers professionnels. On observe des aspects différentiels en fonction du sexe comme l’utilisation des infrastructures routières. D’autres différences sont observées dans la gestion des aspects vie professionnelle/vie privée, les répondants ayant des difficultés à séparer ces deux sphères s’exposent à plus de risques sur la route. Plusieurs mesures préventives pourraient être adoptées pour réduire ces risques.
Mots-clés :
- risques routiers,
- téléphone,
- habitudes de conduite,
- infractions,
- psychologie du trafic
Abstract
Phoning while driving is a factor that increases the risk of an accident. Bluetooth is the only equipment currently tolerated by the law in France; there is however no information concerning phone use habits of sales and marketing people while at the wheel. The aim of this survey which was carried out with a French group of male and female sales and marketing people (N=59) was to identify their driving habits and the possible ensuing risks. The results arising from this sample provide new information about occupational risk on the road. Differential aspects can be noted with respect to gender such as road use. Other differences are observed in the management of professional and private life; for example, the respondents had difficulties separating these two areas, thereby exposing themselves to more risks on the road. Several preventive measures could be adopted to reduce these risks.
Keywords:
- occupational risks on the road,
- phoning,
- driving habits,
- driving offences,
- traffic psychology
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Amado, S., et Ulupinar, P. (2005). The effects of conversation on attention and peripheral detection: Is talking with a passenger and talking on the cell phone different? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 8, 6, 383–395.
- Arrestier, G. (2016). Prévention du risque routier en entreprise. CNAM Pays de la Loire. IHIE-SSET Ouest : Hygiène, santé et sécurité au travail, environnement.
- Bernard, T.M., Bouck, L.H., Young, W.S. (2000). Stress factors experienced by female commercial drivers in the transportation industry . ASSE Foundation Research report. American Society of Safety Engineers.
- Briggs, G.F., Hole, G.J., Land, M.F. (2011). Emotionally involving telephone conversations lead to driver error and visual tunnelling. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 14, 313–323.
- Brooks, I. (2018). Organisational Behaviour: Individuals, Groups and Organisation (5 th ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom : Pearson Education.
- DeJoy, D.M. (1992). An examination of gender differences in traffic accident risk perception. Accident Analysis & Prevention , 24, 3 , 237-246.
- Friedman, M., Rosenman, R.H. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings; blood cholesterol level, blood clotting time, incidence of arcus senilis, and clinical coronary artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 169, 12, 1286–1296.
- Galpin, A., Underwood, G., Crundall, D. (2009). Change blindness in driving scenes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 12, 2, 179–185.
- Gauld, C., Lewis, I., Haque, M., Washington, S. (2015). Impact of mobile phone use on speed selection by young drivers : A driving simulator study. Journal of the Australian College of Road Safety , 26, 1, 40-46.
- Gaymard, S. (2007). La représentation de la conduite chez des jeunes conducteurs : Une étude de la conditionnalité routière. Recherche Transports Sécurité, 97, 339-359.
- Gaymard, S. (2009). Norms in social representations: two studies with French young drivers. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context , 1, 2, 165-181.
- Gaymard, S. (2014a). The theory of conditionality: an illustration of the place of norms in the field of social thinking. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 44, 2, 229-247.
- Gaymard, S. (2014b). Risques routiers : Quelques éclairages sur les facteurs psychologiques et les facteurs liés au travail. Rencontre régionale inter-ASRE (Association sécurité routière en entreprise). CCI Cointreau, Angers.
- Gaymard, S. (2016). Sécurité routière et comportements à risque : Recherche en psychologie sociale. CNAM IHIE SSET. Institut d’Hygiène industrielle et de l’Environnement. CNAM Pays de la Loire, Angers.
- Gaymard, S. (2017a). Les risques routiers : focus sur les facteurs psychologiques. Sécurité routière en Entreprise (SRE 35). Espace Ouest-France, Rennes.
- Gaymard, S. (2017b). La règle doit être juste pour que le conducteur la respecte. La Prévention Routière dans l’entreprise, 411, 11-13.
- Gaymard, S. (2017c). Traffic Psychology and environment. In Justin A. Daniels (Ed.), Advances in Environmental Research , 60 (p. 219-232). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
- Gaymard, S., Tiplica, T. (2014). Conditional respect towards the pedestrian: Differences between men and women and risk modeling by the Bayesian approach. Quality & Quantity , 48, 1, 91-110.
- Gaymard, S., Tiplica, T. (2019). Road conditionality and personality: An exploratory study among young male and female French drivers. Journal of Safety and Reliability .
- Haigney, D.E., Taylor, R.G., Westerman, S. J. (2000). Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance: task demand characteristics and compensatory processes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 3, 3, 113-121.
- Harris, P., Middleton, W. (1994). The illusion of control and optimism about health: On being less at risk but no more in control than others. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 369 –386.
- Hillier, L.M., Morrongiello, B.A. (1998). Age and gender differences in school-age children’s appraisals of injury risk. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23 , 4, 229-238.
- Hills, B.L. (1980).Vision, visibility, and perception in driving. Perception , 9 , 2, 183–216.
- Hoggan B., Dollard M. (2007). Effort-reward imbalance at work and driving anger in an Australian community sample: Is there a link between work stress and road rage? Accident Analysis and Prevention , 39, 1286–1295.
- Hollet-Haudebert, S. (2010). Stress au travail et épuisement professionnel chez les commerciaux. Économie et management, 137, 28-32.
- Hoyt, M.F. (1973). Internal-External control and beliefs about automobile travel. Journal of Research in Personality , 7, 3, 288-293.
- Ihlström, J., Kecklund, G., Anund, A. (2017). Split-shift work in relation to stress, health and psychosocial work factors among bus drivers. Work , 56, 4, 531-538.
- Langham, M., Hole, G., Edwards, J., O’Neil, C. (2002). An analysis of ‘looked but failed to see’ accidents involving parked police cars. Ergonomics, 45, 167–185.
- Legifrance (2018a). Le Code des assurances. www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006073984
- Legifrance (2018b). Code de la route. Article R412-6-1 Repéré à .www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006842118&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228&dateTexte=20091230&oldAction=rechCodeArticle
- Mack, A., Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional Blindness . Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press.
- McKnight, A.J., McKnight, A. S. (1993). The effect of cellular phone use upon driver attention. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 25, 3, 259–265.
- Moget-Monseur, M., Biecheler-Fretel, M.B. (1985). Le comportement de base du conducteur. Un essai de conceptualisation du système de normes légales et sociales de l’usager de la route. Cahiers d’études ONSER, 64.
- Moncrief, W.C., Babakus, E., Cravens, D.W., Johnston, M. (1997). Examining the antecedents and consequences of salesperson job stress. European Journal of Marketing, 31, 11/12, 786-798.
- Observatoire national interministériel de la sécurité routière (ONISR) (2017). Bilan de l'année 2016. Paris. www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/medias/espace-presse/publications-presse/bilan-definitif-de-l-accidentalite-routiere-2017
- Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) (2018). Accidents de la route. http://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries
- Özkan, T., Lajunen, T. (2005). Why are there sex differences in risky driving? The relationship between sex and gender-role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young turkish drivers. Aggressive Behavior , 31, 6, 547-558.
- Özkan, T., Lajunen, T. (2006). What causes the differences in driving between young men and women? The effects of gender roles and sex on young drivers' driving behaviour and self-assessment of skills. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 9, 4, 269-277
- Recarte, M.A., Nunes, L. (2002). Mental load and loss of control over speed in real driving: Towards a theory of attentional speed control. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 5 , 2, 111-122.
- Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monograph , 80, 1, 1-28
- Salminen, S., Lahdeniemi, E. (2002). Risk factors in work-related traffic. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 5, 375-384.
- Strayer, D.L., Cooper, J.M., Drews, F.A. (2004) What do drivers fail to see when conversing on a cell phone? In the Proceedings of the 48 th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society , 2213–2217.
- Symmons, M. Haworth, N. (2005). Safety attitudes and behaviours in work related driving . Stage 1 Analyses of crashes. Monash University Accident. Research Centre Report 232.
- Treat, J.R., Tumbas, N.S., McDonald, S.T., Shinar, D., Hume, R. D., Mayer, R. E., Stansifer, R. L., Castellan, N.J. (1979). Tri-level study of the causes of traffic accidents: final report. (DOT HS805 099). Bloomington, Indiana: Institute for Research in Public Safety.
- Tanner Jr. J.F., Dunn, M.G., Chonko, L.B. (1993) Vertical Exchange and Salesperson Stress. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management , 13, 2, 27-36.
- Törnros, J., Bolling, A. (2006). Mobile phone use–effects of conversation on mental workload and driving speed in rural and urban environments. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9, 4, 298-306.
- Verkuyten, M., Rood-Pijpers, E., Elffers, H., Hessing, D.J. (1994). Rules for breaking formal rules: social representations and everyday rule-governed behavior. The Journal of Psychology , 128, 5, 485-497.
- Weinstein, N. D., et Nicolich, M. (1993). Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 12, 235–245.