Résumés
Résumé
Depuis le début des années 1990, l’épidémiologie est le théâtre de vifs débats internes, portant sur la nature de la discipline et le rôle qu’elle est censée jouer dans la société. À partir d’une étude critique de la littérature sur les cancers professionnels, l’article propose de restituer la nature des différents conflits opposant les principaux paradigmes de recherche en santé au travail, et d’en comprendre les fondements et logiques sociales. S’appuyant sur diverses disciplines, l’épidémiologie professionnelle est soumise à des logiques théoriques et explicatives concurrentes et contradictoires qui se donnent à voir aussi bien au niveau de la construction des objets d’étude, qu’à celui des choix des hypothèses et/ou des variables d’intérêt. Plus précisément, il souligne que les oppositions et conflits entre disciplines (médecine, sciences sociales, etc.) se rejouent à l’intérieur même de l’épidémiologie, dans chacune de ses branches, en raison de son hyperspécialisation croissante et de l’opposition « nature » vs « culture » qui structure l’entièreté du champ.
Mots-clés :
- épidémiologie,
- santé au travail,
- interdisciplinarité,
- paradigme
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, epidemiology has been marked by lively debates about the nature of the discipline and the role it should play in society. Based on a critical review of the literature on occupational cancers, this article explores the different conflicts arising from the main divergent epidemiological paradigms, and underlines their social foundations and logic. Drawing as it does on various disciplines, occupational epidemiology is therefore subject to competing and contradictory theoretical and explanatory rationales, which are evident in the choice of hypotheses, subjects of study, and variables of interest. More specifically, this article indicates how the conflicts and oppositions that take place between disciplines (medicine, social sciences, etc.) reoccur within the field of epidemiology itself and in each of its branches, and this as a result of the field’s growing hyper-specialization and the opposition between "nature" and "culture" that structures the entire field.
Keywords:
- epidemiology,
- occupational health,
- interdisciplinarity,
- paradigm
Resumen
Desde principios de la década de 1990, la epidemiología ha sido escenario de un intenso debate interno sobre la naturaleza de la disciplina y el rol que se supone debe desempeñar en la sociedad. A partir de un estudio crítico de la literatura sobre cánceres de origen ocupacional, el artículo propone reconstruir la naturaleza de los principales conflictos que oponen los principales paradigmas de investigación en salud en el trabajo, y comprender sus fundamentos y lógicas sociales. Apoyándose en diversas disciplinas, la epidemiología ocupacional está sujeta a lógicas teóricas y explicativas concurrentes y contradictorias, que pueden verse tanto a nivel de la construcción de los objetos de estudio como a nivel de la elección de hipótesis y variables de interés. Más específicamente, enfatiza que las oposiciones y conflictos entre disciplinas (medicina, ciencias sociales, etc.) se reproducen al interior mismo de la epidemiología, en cada una de sus ramas, debido a su híper especialización creciente y de la oposición "naturaleza" vs. "cultura" que estructura todo el campo.
Palabras clave:
- epidemiología,
- salud ocupacional,
- interdisciplinariedad,
- paradigma
Parties annexes
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