Résumés
Résumé
Au cours des dernières décennies, les avancées spectaculaires de nos connaissances sur les mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance induite chez les plantes ont favorisé le développement d’initiatives visant à valoriser la stratégie de défense naturelle des plantes dans un contexte conjuguant la préservation de l’environnement et la production intensive de produits agricoles. Aujourd’hui, un nombre croissant de formulations contenant des stimulateurs des défenses naturelles (SDN) en tant que matière active arrive sur le marché et il est raisonnable de croire que de plus en plus de molécules inductrices de résistance seront disponibles dans un futur proche. Un SDN est une molécule biologique capable de déclencher les événements moléculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques menant à l’expression de la résistance chez une plante. Il s’agit donc d’une sorte de « vaccin » susceptible d’activer le « système immunitaire » de la plante de telle sorte qu’une plante initialement sensible à un agent pathogène devienne résistante. Si le chitosane est connu depuis plusieurs années, d’autres SDN d’origines variées ont récemment été découverts et certains d’entre eux ont été commercialisés. Tels sont les cas, par exemple, du Iodus40®, un polymère de β-1,3-glucanes isolé d’une algue brune, du Messenger®, dont la matière active est un peptide bactérien, ou du Stifénia® qui contient des extraits de fenugrec, une légumineuse africaine. L’exploitation de la résistance induite en agriculture biologique ou en agriculture raisonnée (alternance entre la lutte biologique et la lutte chimique) est une stratégie qui offre de grandes promesses d’avenir, car elle est essentiellement fondée sur la stimulation des mécanismes naturels de défense des plantes. Il est cependant évident que des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour démontrer que cette approche 1) n’engendre aucun risque pour le consommateur (allergies ou autres désordres); 2) ne cause pas de baisses de rendement; 3) ne présente pas une trop grande variabilité en termes de performance; et 4) n’est pas trop onéreuse en comparaison avec une approche de lutte chimique.
Mots-clés :
- Agriculture raisonnée,
- résistance induite,
- stimulateur des défenses naturelles (SDN)
Abstract
Over the past decades, advances made in understanding the mechanisms involved in plants’ induced resistance have stimulated the development of innovative projects that focus on the natural defense strategy of plants in a context that combines environmental preservation with the massive production of agricultural products. Today, an increasing number of formulations containing elicitors of natural defenses (or SDN, for “stimulateur des défenses naturelles”) as active ingredients are being marketed, and there is good reason to believe that more induced resistance-mediated molecules will be available in the near future. A SDN is a biological molecule capable of initiating the molecular, biochemical and cellular events that lead to the expression of plant resistance. As such, a SDN is similar to a vaccine in that it is capable of stimulating a plant’s “immune system”, thus turning a plant that was initially susceptible to a pathogen into a resistant one. If chitosan has been well known for years, other SDNs of various origins have recently been discovered, and some of them have been commercialized. Such is the case of Iodus 40®, a β-1,3-glucan polymer isolated form a brown alga, Messenger®, whose active ingredient is a bacterial peptide, and Stifénia®, which contains extracts from fenugreek, an African legume. Exploiting plants’ induced resistance in biological agriculture or sustainable agriculture (alternation between biological control and chemical control) is a very promising strategy since it is essentially based on the stimulation of natural plant defense mechanisms. It is however obvious that more research is needed to demonstrate that this approach 1) does not present risks for consumers (allergies or other disorders); 2) does not affect yields; 3) is not too variable in terms of performance; and 4) is not too expensive compared with chemical control approaches.
Keywords:
- Induced resistance,
- SDN (stimulateurs des défenses naturelles),
- sustainable agriculture
Parties annexes
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