Résumés
Abstract
In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.
Résumé
En 1934, plus de 200 000 pins rouges (Pinus resinosa) ont été plantés à Valcartier, près de Québec. Dès 1939, plus de 28 % des pins étaient morts. Quinze ans après la plantation, la mortalité des pins rouges atteignait 93 %; la plantation fut donc considérée une perte totale. La mort des pins rouges fut attribuée au gel d’été alors que des pins blancs (Pinus strobus) plantés au même moment furent ravagés par la rouille vésiculeuse (Cronartium ribicola) et qu’aucune trace de gel n’avait alors été notée. Toutefois, bien que le gel d’été ne soit pas cité dans les rapports des relevés d’insectes et de maladies publiés de 1953 à 1993, il fut rapporté autour de Valcartier. L’analyse des documents d’archives et de publications nous porte à croire que le chancre scléroderrien, causé par Gremmeniella abietina, est responsable de cette mortalité. Cette maladie n’est connue au Canada que depuis 1960. Notre diagnostic est basé sur la description des signes, des symptômes, des photographies des dégâts et à partir des échantillons récoltés sur les pins résiduels. Gremmeniella abietina de race nord-américaine a été isolé et identifié. L’âge des pins confirme l’identité de cette plantation et l’âge des chancres indique que la maladie a atteint les troncs au milieu des années 1940. L’accumulation de neige dans les dépressions topographiques, et non le gel, aurait favorisé le développement de la maladie au niveau épidémique. C’est le plus ancien rapport documenté du chancre scléroderrien en Amérique du Nord.
Parties annexes
References
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